How is ATF4 activated?
The transcription factor ATF4 is translationally induced by many stress conditions and activates transcription by binding to CARE sequences (17).
What is the function of ATF4?
ATF4 protein can function as a transcriptional activator, as well as a repressor. It is also a protective gene regulating the adaptation of cells to stress factors such as anoxic insult, endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress.
What does ATF4 mean?
Activating transcription factor 4
Activating transcription factor 4 (tax-responsive enhancer element B67), also known as ATF4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATF4 gene.
Is chop a protein?
CHOP is a 29 kDa protein with 169 (human) or 168 (rodents) amino-acid residues. CHOP protein was first identified to be a member of the CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) that serves as a dominant negative inhibitor of C/EBPs.
When did ATF4 come out?
1998 – ATF+4 type MS-9602 fluid Chrysler released the ATF+4 Material Standard (MS-9602) in 1998.
How is ATF3 protein produced?
for example, found that ATF3 is induced by proinflammatory cytokines, glucose, and palmitate in ß cells (25). ATF3 induction is partially mediated by the NF-κB and JNK/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signaling pathways, which are two stress-induced pathways involved in diabetes.
What type of compound is ATF5?
ATF5 (Activating Transcription Factor 5) is a Protein Coding gene.
What type of protein is ire 1?
ER-transmembrane protein
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), an ER-transmembrane protein, is an essential component of the UPR pathway important for sensing and responding to ER stress. IRE1 contains an ER luminal stress-sensing domain and a cytoplasmic facing RNase domain.
How does ATF4 bind and activate the chop promoter?
GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions. ATF4 protein binds and activates the AARE regulatory sites of the CHOP promoter. ORF2 expression also leads to increased phosphorylation of eIF2alpha that in turn initiates the translation of ATF4 mRNA. [review] First evidence of a functional interaction between ATF4, FIAT…
What happens when ATF4 is activated in a cell?
ATF4 regulates the transcription of a cohort of downstream target genes involved in cell survival, apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence ( 31–34 ). The ultimate outcome after ATF4 activation is context-dependent, influenced by the nature of the stimulation and the cell type.
What are the dimerization partners of ATF4?
ATF4 has numerous dimerization partners. ATF4 is induced by stress signals including anoxia/hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, amino acid deprivation, and oxidative stress.
How does ATF4 regulate the translation of eIF2α?
In response to the ER stress, the PERK kinase phosphorylates eIF2α, which in turn increases the translation of ATF4 ( 29, 30 ). ATF4 regulates the transcription of a cohort of downstream target genes involved in cell survival, apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence ( 31–34 ).