What are the 4 disciplines of toxicology?
The field of forensic toxicology involves three main sub-disciplines: postmortem forensic toxicology, human performance toxicology, and forensic drug testing. All of these sub-disciplines measure substances in biological matrices for a given purpose.
What are the different branches of toxicology?
The principal divisions and branches of toxicology are:
- Environmental Toxicology:
- Forensic Toxicology:
- Economic Toxicology:
- Clinical Toxicology:
- Mechanistic Toxicology:
- Biochemical Toxicology:
- Regulatory Toxicology:
- Industrial Toxicology:
What are the three branches of toxicology?
1.1 Forensic Toxicology.
What are the two types of toxicology?
Types of Toxicology
- Analytical toxicology: This includes the detection and evaluation of toxic chemicals.
- Applied toxicology: Applied toxicology is concerned with the application of modern technology in the early detection of toxicants.
What is the basic principle of toxicology?
Evaluating clinical effects based on the amount of exposure is a basic toxicology principle called dose-response. The dose is the total amount of chemical absorbed during an exposure. Dose depends on the concentration of the chemical and duration (contact time) of the exposure.
What is antagonism in toxicology?
The term antagonism is used for the precisely opposite phenomenon, in which the toxicity of two compounds, applied together, is less than that expected from the sum of their effects when applied separately.
What is response in toxicology?
Response: Response is how the body reacts to a chemical. Your body can react to a chemical in different ways depending on the properties of the chemical and the dose. Toxicologists determine the different ways your body might respond and determine the doses necessary to cause these effects.
What are the basic terms in toxicology?
The most common terms are toxicant, toxin, poison, toxic agent, toxic substance, and toxic chemical.
What is the threshold level of toxicity?
When a chemical causes a defined form of toxicity, the threshold is the maximum exposure when this toxicity does not occur. It is an operational parameter and is limited in its interpretation and applicability.
What is mechanism of toxicity?
Mechanism of toxicity is the study of how chemical or physical agents interact with living organisms that may trigger perturbations in cell function and/or structure or that may initiate repair mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, and/or tissue levels.
What is synergism antagonism and potentiation?
Synergistic effects are when the sum of the effect is more than the two individual chemical effects combined. For this effect, 2 + 2 = 10. Antagonistic effects are when the net effect of the combined chemical interaction is zero. Potentiating effects are when one chemical enhances the toxic effect of another chemical.
What is pharmacokinetic antagonism?
Pharmacokinetic antagonism is the result of one drug suppressing the effect of a second drug by reducing its absorption, altering its distribution, or increasing its rate of elimination.
What is the sub-discipline of occupational toxicology?
This sub-discipline addresses the question of how various plants, animals, and humans are affected by exposure to toxic substances. Occupational (Industrial) Toxicology is concerned with health effects from exposure to chemicals in the workplace.
What is the purpose of a forensic toxicology laboratory?
The forensic toxicology laboratory identifies and quantifies the presence of drugs and chemicals in biological fluids and tissues that are taken from the body during the autopsy.
What kind of specimens are used in toxicology?
A wide array of specimens may be encountered in postmortem toxicology investigations including blood, urine, vitreous fluid from the eye, liver, brain, and other tissues, as well as hair and nails. Once the testing is complete, a forensic toxicologist then interprets these findings.
What is the purpose of descriptive toxicology research?
Descriptive Toxicology is concerned with gathering toxicological information from animal experimentation. These types of experiments are used to establish how much of a chemical would cause illness or death.