What causes malakoplakia?
The cause of malakoplakia is unknown, but is thought to be associated with immunodeficiency or autoimmune disorders, such as hypogammaglobinlinemia, therapies that suppress the immune system, cancer, a chronic debilitating disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, and AIDS.
What is renal malakoplakia?
Renal malacoplakia is an unusual form of chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis with a predilection for patients with recurrent urinary tract infections and an immunocompromised state.
How common is malakoplakia?
Frequency. The total number of patients with malakoplakia is fewer than 500. Most patients have genitourinary tract disease, although involvement of the gastrointestinal tract and other visceral organs has been described. Cutaneous malakoplakia is rare, with fewer than 60 cases reported in the literature.
Where can you find Michaelis Gutmann bodies?
Michaelis–Gutmann bodies, (M-G bodies) are concentrically layered basophilic inclusions found in Hansemann cells in the urinary tract. They are 2 to 10 μm in diameter, and are thought to represent remnants of phagosomes mineralized by iron and calcium deposits.
Is malakoplakia serious?
Introduction: Malakoplakia is an unusual and very rare chronic inflammatory disease. In bladder especially it can mimic malignancy and lead to serious misdiagnosis.
What is Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis?
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XPN) is an unusual variant of chronic pyelonephritis. Most cases occur in the setting of obstruction due to infected renal stones [1-6].
Is malakoplakia treatable?
Generally, cutaneous malakoplakia is treated in an outpatient setting. Therapy with antibiotics that concentrate in macrophages (eg, quinolone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) is associated with a high cure rate. Antibiotic therapy directed against E coli in combination with surgery provides the best chance of cure.
What is Xanthogranulomatous inflammation?
Xanthogranulomatous inflammation (XGI) is a rare benign inflammatory disease characterized by aggregation of lipid-laden foamy macrophages. This disease entity has been described in various organs but most commonly in the kidney and gallbladder.
How rare is XGP?
The incidence of XGP varies from 0.6% to 1% of all cases of renal infections. The disease can occur in all age groups but is more common in women than in men, usually in their fifth and sixth decade of life. There is no specific race predilection.