What disorders are associated with the dentate gyrus?

What disorders are associated with the dentate gyrus?

Previously, studies have identified the “immature dentate gyrus (iDG),” a potential brain endophenotype shared by several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

What psychological disorders affect hippocampus?

Several controlled brain imaging studies have also shown hippocampal abnormalities in psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Can neurogenesis be harmful?

But this enthusiasm has been tempered since then, as more recent studies indicate that excess adult neurogenesis can be as detrimental as a deficit. In some cases, the clinical relevance of increasing neurogenesis may need to be reconsidered.

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

Hippocampus is a complex brain structure embedded deep into temporal lobe. It has a major role in learning and memory. It is a plastic and vulnerable structure that gets damaged by a variety of stimuli. Studies have shown that it also gets affected in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

What can happen if the dentate gyrus is damaged?

Dentate gyrus damage in some cases occurred throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the hippocampus. These data indicate that damage to the dentate gyrus following long-term ADX is severe enough to cause learning impairment in selected learning tasks.

What is the function of dentate gyrus?

The dentate gyrus is the first region where all sensory modalities merge together to form unique representations and memories that bind stimuli together, and thus, it plays a critical role in learning and memory.

How does bipolar disorder affect the hippocampus?

Bipolar Disorder Can Shrink Part of Your Brain’s Hippocampus Research published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry reveals that people with bipolar disorder tend to have smaller and more shrunken parts of the hippocampus in comparison to people without mood disorders.

Does hippocampus affect mood?

The hippocampus is responsible for processing of long-term memory and emotional responses. We would not even be able to remember where our house is without the work of the hippocampus. The hippocampus also encodes emotional context from the amygdala. When you think of the amygdala, you should think of one word, fear.

Is the dentate gyrus part of the hippocampus?

The dentate gyrus is found in the temporal lobe, adjacent to the hippocampus. There is not a consensus, however, on how to anatomically demarcate the hippocampus and its neighboring regions, and some sources consider the dentate gyrus to be part of the hippocampus.

What is hippocampal neurogenesis?

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a process that describes the generation of new functional DGCs from adult neural stem cells through the amplification of intermediate progenitors and neuroblasts, as well as the integration of these new neurons into the existing neural circuits.

Why is the hippocampus so vulnerable?

The hippocampal formation is at the same time a very plastic brain region and a very vulnerable one to insults such as head trauma, ischemia, seizures and severe stress. Circulating glucocorticoids and endogenous excitatory amino acids acting as neurotransmitters play important roles in both aspects.

What kind of neurons are in the dentate gyrus?

This layer primarily contains the cell bodies of granule neurons, the primary excitatory neuronal cell type in the dentate gyrus. Single-nucleus sequencing studies of human hippocampus estimated that these cells constitute ~5–10% of the hippocampus 17.

How many genes are affected by age in the dentate gyrus?

In the DG-GCL, we identified 1,709 genes whose expression was significantly associated with age (at false discovery rate (FDR) < 5%), of which 833 genes increased in expression and 876 genes decreased in expression, with a median 3.7% change in expression per decade of life.

Which is part of the dentate gyrus controls hippocampal formation?

Here we profiled the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus subfield (DG-GCL) in the hippocampal formation, which has a critical role in neurogenesis 16 and a neuromodulatory role controlling information flow from the entorhinal cortex to CA3, and downstream targets including CA1 and the prefrontal cortex.

Are there specific cell populations that contribute to schizophrenia?

Specific cell populations may have unique contributions to schizophrenia but may be missed in studies of homogenate tissue.