How is hemoglobin electrophoresis test performed?
What happens during hemoglobin electrophoresis? A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out.
Which is the best method to separate HbA from HbS?
Cation: exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has emerged as the method of choice for quantification of HbA2, HbF and for detection and quantitation of the Hb variants, particularly those which may interact with β-thalassaemia such as HbS, E, C, O-Arab, D and Lepore.
What is HbA2 blood test?
HbA2, composing of two α chains and two δ chains, is a minor component of the hemoglobin present in normal adult red blood cells, accounting for about 2.5% of the total hemoglobin in healthy individuals. However, HbA2 level is also elevated in some pregnant women.
What is Hb electrophoresis test?
Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a blood test that measures different types of a protein called hemoglobin in your red blood cells. It’s sometimes called “hemoglobin evaluation” or “sickle cell screen.” Newborns automatically get this test because it’s the law.
What is hemoglobinopathy evaluation?
A hemoglobinopathy evaluation is a group of tests that determines the presence and relative amounts of abnormal forms of hemoglobin in order to screen for and/or diagnose a hemoglobin disorder.
What are the 4 types of hemoglobin?
Four different hemoglobin species are commonly recognized: oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (deoxy-Hb), methemoglobin (met-Hb), and hemichromes, whose structures appear below.
What is HbA and HbA2?
Adult hemoglobin A (HbA) has two alpha and two beta chains (alpha2 beta2), whereas hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) has two alpha and two delta chains (alpha2 delta2). At birth, HbF accounts for approximately 80 percent of hemoglobin and HbA accounts for 20 percent.
What is HbA2 normal range?
Normal Results HbA: 95% to 98% (0.95 to 0.98) HbA2: 2% to 3% (0.02 to 0.03)
What is the purpose of HbA2?
Normal Function The HBA2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called alpha-globin. This protein is also produced from a nearly identical gene called HBA1. These two alpha-globin genes are located close together in a region of chromosome 16 known as the alpha-globin locus.
What does high HbA2 mean?
Hb A2 is increased in beta thalassemia because the relative lack of beta globin allows more delta chains to be incorporated into hemoglobin. Beta thalassemia is caused by mutations in the beta globin gene locus on chromosome 11.
How is hemoglobinopathy diagnosed?
A hemoglobinopathy evaluation typically involves tests that determine the types and amounts of hemoglobin. Information from these tests, along with results from routine tests such as a complete blood count (CBC) and blood smear, aid in establishing a diagnosis.
How is β thalassemia diagnosed by hemoglobin electrophoresis?
The β-thalassemia trait is usually diagnosed by hemoglobin electrophoresis, with quantitative hemoglobins revealing elevated HbA2 and/or HbF levels. Iron deficiency can cause a lowering of HbA2, thereby masking the diagnosis.
Where does the H migrate in hemoglobin electrophoresis?
On the alkaline gel in hemoglobin electrophoresis, the H is fast-migrating, and the band on the gel should be the same distance from J as A is from J in the opposite direction. On the acid gel, the H migrates between the S and hemoglobins. The patterns of various bands in acid gel electrophoresis are summarized in Table 21.5.
What is the normal range of HbA2 levels?
2 and HbF ranges in normal adult population CE results showed that the normal ranges for HbA 2 and HbF were 2.75% (SD 0.26%) and 0.03% (SD 0.24%) respectively. These levels were signifi cantly lower than that of HPLC 2.88% (SD 0.25%) and 0.58% (SD 0.61%) (p <0.001 for both).
What kind of medium is used for hemoglobin electrophoresis?
Historically, alkaline hemoglobin electrophoresis was performed on cellulose acetate medium, but it is being replaced by agarose medium.