What are 2 reactions of metabolism?
Metabolism is often divided into two phases: Phase 1 metabolism involves chemical reactions such as oxidation (most common), reduction and hydrolysis. There are three possible results of phase 1 metabolism.
Where does Phase 1 and 2 metabolism occur?
The liver is the primary site for metabolism. Liver contains the necessary enzymes for metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. These enzymes induce two metabolism pathways: Phase I (functionalization reactions) and Phase II (biosynthetic reactions) metabolism.
What is a Phase 1 reaction?
Phase I reactions are broadly grouped into three categories: oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. As most small molecule drugs are lipophilic in nature, drug metabolism converts these hydrophobic compounds into more water soluble compounds that can be excreted. Typically, oxidation is the most common phase I reaction.
What is the primary purpose of Phase 1 and 2 drug metabolism?
Phase I reactions generally provide functional polar groups to molecules that either facilitate excretion or further metabolism. Phase II reactions are conjugation reactions that add large polar moieties via high energy cofactors or a chemically reactive substrate.
What is drug metabolism explain Phase 1 and Phase 2 reaction?
Phase I reactions of drug metabolism involve oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis of the parent drug, resulting in its conversion to a more polar molecule. Phase II reactions involve conjugation by coupling the drug or its metabolites to another molecule, such as glucuronidation, acylation, sulfate, or glicine.
What is phase 2 enzymes?
Phase 2 enzymes traditionally refer to the enzymes catalyzing the conjugation reactions, such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase ( UGT), N-acetyltransferase (NAT), and sulfotransferase (SULT).
What is the Phase 1 and Phase 2 of hepatic drug metabolism?
What is drug metabolism explain Phase I & Phase II reaction?
What happens in Phase 1 and Phase 2 of metabolism?
Overview Phase I metabolism oxidation (via cytochrome P450), reduction, and hydrolysis reactions Phase II metabolism glucuronidation, acetylation, and sulfation reactions “conjugation reactions” that increase water solubility of drug with a polar moiety glucuronate, acetate, and sulfate, respectively
When do drugs go from Phase I to Phase II?
Once drugs have undergone Phase I metabolism, they become more polar and are easier to eliminate. Metabolites of many drugs undergo Phase II metabolism subsequent to phase I metabolism. Of course, some drugs undergo only Phase I or only Phase II metabolism.
How are Phase I and Phase II reactions carried out?
Biotransformation is carried out by two distinct groups of enzymatic reactions that are known as Phase-I and Phase-II. Most of the time drugs undergo Phase-I reactions first and then Phase-II reactions, but it is possible that a drug undergoes either only Phase I or
How is the metabolism of a drug described?
Metabolism is a process which terminates the action of the drug and helps in its Excretion from the body. Drug metabolism is the process which describes biotransformation of drugs or nonessential Exogenous compounds in body so that they can be easily eliminated.