What are cholinergic agents?
Cholinergic agents are compounds which mimic the action of acetylcholine and/or butyrylcholine. In general, the word “choline” describes the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation.
Which drug is a Miotic?
Miotic agents include echothiophate iodide, physostigmine, demecarium bromide, acetylcholine, carbachol, and pilocarpine.
What is an example of Miotics?
Miotics are either parasympathomimetic (cholinergic-stimulating) drugs which have a direct muscarinic action, such as pilocarpine and carbachol, or anticholinesterase drugs which block the effect of acetylcholinesterase thus letting acetylcholine produce its effect, such as physostigmine, neostigmine, echothiophate and …
What do cholinergic agents treat?
Cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by copying the action of Ach. They are given for Alzheimer’s disease, glaucoma, paralytic ileus, urinary retention, and myasthenia gravis.
Is Ibuprofen a cholinergic agent?
They both contain a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), ibuprofen (IBU) and pyridostigmine (PO), a cholinesterase inhibitor that acts as a cholinergic up-regulator (CURE).
Is cholinergic sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are cholinergic, meaning they release acetylcholine (Ach) at the synapse in the ganglion. In the parasympathetic system, postganglionic neurons are also cholinergic. However in the sympathetic system, postganglionic are not all the same.
Is timolol a Miotic?
Summary. Timolol maleate is a new, potent ocular antihypertensive that has an effect additive with other antiglaucoma medications. It does not cause miosis and is relatively free of ocular complications, although a few have been documented.
What are Miotic drops?
Miotics are eye drops that cause the pupil to constrict, allowing the blocked drainage angle to open. They may be used two, three, or four times daily. These medications are now reserved for use in people whose glaucoma does not improve with other medications. Miotics may cause some eye discomfort and redness.
What are Miotic drugs used for?
Miotics (drugs that cause the pupil to contract) improve the outflow of aqueous as part of the treatment of glaucoma and reduce the risk of a posteriorly luxated lens entering the anterior chamber.
Which drugs are cholinergic?
These include reversible agents (physostigmine, neostigmine, pyridostigmine, edrophonium, rivastigmine, donepezil, galantamine) and irreversible agents (echothiophate, parathion, malathion, diazinon, sarin, soman).
Which neurons are cholinergic?
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are cholinergic, meaning they release acetylcholine (Ach) at the synapse in the ganglion. In the parasympathetic system, postganglionic neurons are also cholinergic.
What is the difference between timolol and timolol maleate?
reaction findings between timolol hemihydrate and timo- lol maleate. The only known difference between these preparations is the maleate salt. 28 healthy subjects (26 completed) to timolol hemihydrate or timolol maleate given in both eyes twice daily, in a double masked fashion, for 1 week.
Which is an example of a direct acting cholinergic agent?
Examples of direct-acting cholinergic agents include choline esters (acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol) and alkaloids (muscarine, pilocarpine, cevimeline). Indirect-acting cholinergic agents increase the availability of acetylcholine at the cholinergic receptors.
Are there any ophthalmic cholinergic agonists in the US?
Executive Summary Introduction: Three ophthalmic cholinergic agonist agents are currently available for use in the United States: acetylcholine (Miochol-E), carbachol (Isopto Carbachol; Miostat), pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine; Pilopine HS).
What are the side effects of miotic drugs?
Miotic drugs commonly produce ocular side effects, including conjunctival injection, ocular and periocular pain (headache), twitching of the eyelids, fluctuating myopic shift in refraction, and decreased vision in dim illumination. Almost all of the ocular side effects are more common and more severe with the anticholinesterase agents ( Box 27-1 ).
Which is the miotic agent in glaucoma?
Echothiophate Iodide (Phospholine Iodide) is a miotic agent that is sometimes considered an agent in this class. Carbachol, echothiophate iodide and pilocarpine are labeled for use in the treatment of glaucoma.