How do you calculate extraction efficiency?
(a) The fraction of solute that remains in the aqueous phase after the extraction is given by equation 7.7. 6. The fraction of solute in the organic phase is 1–0.400, or 0.600. Extraction efficiency is the percentage of solute that moves into the extracting phase; thus, the extraction efficiency is 60.0%.
What is distribution coefficient in extraction?
The distribution coefficient is the ratio of the concentration of solute in the organic phase over the concentration of solute in the aqueous phase (the V-terms are the volume of the phases). The distribution coefficient represents the equilibrium constant for this process.
How do you calculate Kd distribution coefficient?
The calculation of Kd is concentration on the solids (mg kg–1 dry solid) divided by concentration in the pore water (mg L–1), giving units of L kg–1.
What is distribution coefficient formula?
Distribution coefficient, κ = x 2 s / x 2 l , is connected with slope of the solidus and liquidus lines. We will find expression for the distribution number in the case of both ideal solutions, liquid and solid.
What is the efficiency of extraction?
Extraction efficiency refers to the amount of fat you extracted from your food sample relative to the amount of fat in the food. Since it’s not possible to extract more fat than the amount that’s in the food the extraction efficiency cannot be greater than 100%.
What is percentage extraction?
The proportion of a coal seam that is removed from a mine. The remainder may represent coal in pillars or coal that is too thin or inferior to mine or is lost in mining.
Is single extraction more efficient than multiple?
Multiple extractions are more efficient than a single extraction with the same volume of solvent.
Is a high partition coefficient better?
permeability of cell membranes The greater the solubility of a substance, the higher its partition coefficient, and the higher the partition coefficient, the higher the permeability of the membrane to that particular substance.
What is a normal KD value?
Most antibodies have KD values in the low micromolar (10-6) to nanomolar (10-7 to 10-9) range. High affinity antibodies generally considered to be in the low nanomolar range (10-9) with very high affinity antibodies being in the picomolar (10-12) range.
Is distribution coefficient and partition coefficient same?
The partition coefficient generally refers to the concentration ratio of un-ionized species of compound, whereas the distribution coefficient refers to the concentration ratio of all species of the compound (ionized plus un-ionized). In the chemical and pharmaceutical sciences, both phases usually are solvents.
What are the methods of measuring distribution coefficient?
A number of methods of measuring distribution coefficients have been developed, including the shake-flask, separating funnel method, reverse-phase HPLC, and pH-metric techniques.
How to calculate the fraction not extracted from the distribution coefficient?
If the distribution coefficient is constant, and if there is essentially no mutual solubility, the fraction not extracted, Ψ, can be calculated directly as a function of the extraction factor, E, and the number of stages, n. Treybal [3] discusses the derivation of these equations and presents a graphical solution reproduced here as Fig. 11.11.
What is the formula for effective distribution coefficient?
The effective distribution coefficient, keff, is defined by x0 / xm0, where x0 is the silicon content in the crystal at the start of growth and xm0 is the starting silicon content in the melt. Figure 2 shows the effective distribution coefficients for CZ crystals plotted as a function of the composition.
What is the distribution coefficient of caffeine in water?
The distribution coefficient gives the ratio of equilibrium concentrations in a biphasic mixture. It is crucial to realize that a caffeine concentration of 2.0 g in 200 m L of water is the initial concentration, but not the concentration after a single extraction step!
How is the distribution coefficient of fermentation calculated?
David B. Todd, in Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook (Third Edition), 2014 If the distribution coefficient is constant, and if there is essentially no mutual solubility, the fraction not extracted, Ψ, can be calculated directly as a function of the extraction factor, E, and the number of stages, n.