How is itaconic acid produced?

Itaconic acid (2-methylidenebutanedioic acid) is an unsaturated di-carbonic acid. Since the 1960s the production of itaconic acid is achieved by the fermentation with Aspergillus terreus on sugar containing media (Willke and Vorlop, 2001). Although also other microorganisms like Ustilago zeae (Haskins et al., 1955), U.

Is itaconic acid a secondary metabolite?

Itaconic acid is reported as a primary metabolite, normally produced by strains of A. terreus but It is over produced under phosphate limited conditions.

Is citric acid fermented?

Citric acid is exclusively produced by fermentation with filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. The industrial production is performed using carbohydrates or agro-industrial residues as substrates by three different type processes: submerged, surface, and solid fermentations.

Where does itaconic acid come from?

Biosynthetic pathway Itaconic acid is produced from a citric acid cycle intermediate, cis-aconitate, which is formed from citric acid. As it is linked to the citric acid cycle, itaconic acid can be produced from sugars such as glucose.

What is the microbial source of gluconic acid?

Gluconic acid is a mild organic acid derived from glucose by a simple oxidation reac- tion. The reaction is facilitated by the enzyme glucose oxidase (fungi) and glucose de- hydrogenase (bacteria such as Gluconobacter).

What metabolic pathway itaconic acid followed for the production?

13.4. At the industrial scale the most explored organism for the fermentative production of itaconic acid is Aspergillus terrus. The biosynthetic pathway of itaconic acid is like citrate biosynthesis, where the flux of the CAC is used in the catalytic conversion of cis-aconitate into itaconic acid.

Does your body produce citric acid?

Citric acid: Occurs naturally in citrus fruits and the human body. Is produced by aspergillus niger, a highly useful fungus that is thoroughly filtered out during the production process. Shows up in food as a flavoring, preservative, antimicrobial, acidifier, chelator, and more.

What uses citric acid?

Because of its acidic, sour-tasting nature, citric acid is predominantly used as a flavoring and preserving agent, especially in soft drinks and candies. It’s also used to stabilize or preserve medicines and as a disinfectant.

Which organism is used for commercial production of gluconic acid?

Gluconic acid is presently produced commercially either by employing the fungus Aspergillus niger or the bacterium, Acetobacter suboxydans through submerged fermentation process, in which gluconic acid, sodium and calcium gluconate and glucose oxidase are produced.

How is glucuronic acid produced?

Commercially, gluconic acid is produced by three different methods, chemical oxidation of glucose with a hypochlorite solution (Kundu and Das, 1984), electrolytic oxidation of glucose solution containing a known value of bromide (Amberkar et al., 1965), and fermentation process where specific microorganisms are grown …

Which is the metabolite of the itaconic acid?

Itaconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. It has a role as a fungal metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a dicarboxylic acid and an olefinic compound. It derives from a succinic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an itaconate (2-).

How much itaconic acid is produced per year?

Currently, the worldwide production capacity of itaconic acid is expected to be about 50 kt per year, facing a demand of about 30 kt (Shaw, 2013, Itaconix Corporation, personal communication).

What is the role of itaconic acid in fungi?

How does itaconic acid lead to tumor growth?

Our findings demonstrate that tumors profoundly alter pResMϕ metabolism, leading to the production of itaconic acid, which potentiates tumor growth. Monocytes isolated from ovarian carcinoma patients’ ascites fluid expressed significantly elevated levels of IRG1.