How are microarrays used in cancer?
Typical tissue microarrays contain 500 to 1,000 sections. They are used in large-scale screening of tissue specimens for in situ detection of DNA, RNA, and protein targets or to survey gene amplification. Pathologic evaluation of molecular alteration is of most importance in cancer research and treatment.
What immune cells target cancer cells?
T-cells work in both direct and indirect ways to fight cancer. Killer T-cells kill cancer cells directly. 2 These cells first find cancer cells and can also be stimulated to kill cancer cells.
What is immune cell profiling?
Immune profiling involves the analysis of T- and B-cell receptors (TCRs/BCRs), which allow cells to bind specific antigens, proliferate, and then rapidly mount a specific immune response.
How do cancer cells avoid immune detection by T cells?
Different cancers have different immunological fingerprints; for instance, some human cancer cells reduce the levels of MHC class 1 on their cell surface, helping them to evade T cells. Individuals with these cancers might not respond particularly well to therapies designed to enhance T cell activity.
What is microarray technology?
Microarray technology is a developing technology used to study the expression of many genes at once. It involves placing thousands of gene sequences in known locations on a glass slide called a gene chip. A sample containing DNA or RNA is placed in contact with the gene chip.
Are microarray results a good predictor of prognosis?
Although the main potential success of microarrays is related to evaluation of patients’ prognosis, microarrays also improve current clinical diagnostics, discover new diagnostic markers and identify new taxonomic classes of tumors.
How immune cells recognize cancer cells?
Once the CD8+ T cells are activated, they are competent to recognize and kill host tumor cells presenting the nonmutated self peptide. These results show that T cells recognizing a self antigen are capable of killing tumor cells presenting the self antigen following activation with the mutated form of the antigen.
What are NK cells?
A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. A natural killer cell is a type of white blood cell. Also called NK cell and NK-LGL.
What are B cells?
B cells are a type of lymphocyte that are responsible for the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. These white blood cells produce antibodies, which play a key part in immunity. Lymphocytes account for about 25% of white blood cells, and B cells represent approximately 10% of total lymphocytes.
What is cell profiling?
Image-based cell profiling is a high-throughput strategy for the quantification of phenotypic differences among a variety of cell populations. It paves the way to studying biological systems on a large scale by using chemical and genetic perturbations.
How does the immune system recognize cancer cells?
Dying cancer cells release tumor-specific antigens. These allow the immune system to recognize that the tumor cells are different from normal body cells. Immune cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages, take up the released antigens and travel to the lymph node.
How does the immune system react with cancer cells?
Cancer cells can even turn off the immune response so that the immune cells don’t attack them. Also, people with cancer often have a weakened immune system. The immune system gets weakened when the cancer itself or cancer treatment, like chemotherapy or radiation therapy, affects the bone marrow.