What is RRM2 gene?
RRM2 (Ribonucleotide Reductase Regulatory Subunit M2) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with RRM2 include Diamond-Blackfan Anemia 20 and Choriocarcinoma. Among its related pathways are superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis and Nucleotide Metabolism.
Where are ribonucleotides found?
1 Introduction. Single ribonucleotides are the most abundant nonstandard nucleotides that are found in the genomic DNA of replicating cells. Ribonucleotides in DNA mostly result from erroneous incorporation during DNA replication by DNA polymerases α, δ, and ɛ (for review, see Williams, Lujan, & Kunkel, 2016).
How is ribonucleotide reductase formed?
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), also known as ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase (rNDP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. It catalyzes this formation by removing the 2′-hydroxyl group of the ribose ring of nucleoside diphosphates.
How are Ribonucleotides manufactured?
Ribonucleotides can be synthesized in organisms from smaller molecules through the de novo pathway or recycled through the salvage pathway. In the case of the de novo pathway, both purines and pyrimidines are synthesized from components derived from precursors of amino acids, ribose-5-phosphates, CO2, and NH3.
Is deoxyribose reduced?
Ribose and deoxyribose are classified as monosaccharides, aldoses, pentoses, and are reducing sugars.
What’s the difference between ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides?
The main difference between ribonucleotide and deoxyribonucleotide is that the ribonucleotide is the precursor molecule of RNA while the deoxyribonucleotide is the precursor molecule of DNA. Furthermore, ribonucleotide is made up of a ribose sugar while deoxyribonucleotide is made up of a deoxyribose sugar.
Where are Ribonucleotides found in the cell?
DNA
Ribonucleotides are incorporated in DNA during DNA synthesis and are removed by the ribonucleotide excision repair pathway, which is initiated by RNase H2. Ribonucleotides are markers for the newly synthesized DNA strand and strand-discrimination signals for the mismatch repair system.
Where are RRM2 genes expressed in the body?
DNA/RNA. RRM2 gene expression level is high in small intestine, colon thymus and testis tissues. In addition RRM2 mRNA in heart is very higher with respect to other tissues. Conversely, the expression level of RRM2 gene is low in lung and liver tissues, and its level is very low level in prostate, skeletal muscle,…
How is RRM2 over expression related to prognosis?
RRM2 over-expression increased the activation of Bcl-2 and E-cadherin signaling pathways, and reduced the activation of p53 signaling pathway. In summary, high RRM2expression is an independent predictive factor of poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
How does RRM2 affect the development of cancer?
There is accumulating evidence that alteration in the expression level of RRM2 can have a substantial impact on the biological characteristics of cancer cells, including tumor initiation and progression, suggesting its role as a prognostic factor and a possible therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
How is RRM2 regulated in the cell cycle?
Synthesis of the encoded protein RRM2 is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent fashion and elevated to maximal levels during S-phase of cell cycle. RRM2 has two isoforms with different N-terminal lengths, variant 1 and 2, which contains 3452 and 3284 bp, respectively. RRM2 gene has ten exons, nine introns and alternative promoters (Table 1).