Is fluoroquinolones selectively toxic?
However, despite their selective toxicity against DNA gyrase, side effects associated with different fluoroquinolones include phototoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, glucose metabolism dysfunction, and increased risk for tendon rupture.
What is quinolone toxicity?
Effects on the kidney that have been reported with quinolones and fluoroquinolones include mild interstitial nephritis, occult blood in urine, decreased renal function, increased renal weight, and crystalluria.
What do quinolones interfere with?
Quinolones inhibit replication of bacterial DNA by blocking the ligase domain of bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II); some also inhibit topoisomerase IV. These enzymes relax DNA supercoils and enable DNA replication and repair (see Fig. 51.1). The effect of quinolones is bactericidal.
What is quinolone used for?
Quinolone antibiotics are used to treat urinary tract infections, bacterial infections, sinus infections, lower respiratory infections, upper respiratory infections, skin infections, typhoid, eye infections, and pneumonia. They work by killing the bacteria that is causing the infection.
Why is trimethoprim selectively toxic?
INTRODUCTION. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim are antimetabolites selectively toxic to microorganisms because they interfere with folic acid synthesis. Sulfonamides continue to be used selectively as individual antimicrobial agents, although resistance is common.
Which bacterial process do quinolones inhibit?
Quinolones inhibit enzyme function by blocking the resealing of the DNA double-strand break, but, in addition, this process stabilizes a catalytic intermediate covalent complex of enzyme and DNA that serves as a barrier to movement of the DNA replication fork (Wentzell and Maxwell 2000) or transcription complexes ( …
How does fluoroquinolones affect and destroy bacteria?
A fluoroquinolone is an antibiotic that destroys bacteria by interfering with its DNA replication. Early generation fluoroquinolones hamper bacterial DNA synthesis during replication primarily by inhibiting DNA gyrase, one enzyme required for bacterial (but not human) DNA replication.
What are examples of quinolones?
Some examples of systemic quinolone antibiotics include:
- ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
- ciprofloxacin ER (Cipro XR)
- levofloxacin (Levaquin)
- moxifloxacin (Avelox)
- gemifloxacin (Factive)
- ofloxacin (generic tablet only)
When do you use quinolones?
Ideally, quinolones should be reserved for serious, life-threatening or difficult-to-treat infections, when other antibiotics cannot be used due to allergy or intolerance, or when the pathogen is resistant to alternative antimicrobial agents (see Table 1).
What kind of bacteria are quinolones effective against?
The quinolones are a diverse group of antibiotics that target DNA synthesis and are active against a wide range of bacteria, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Chlamydophila spp., and, for certain agents, mycobacteria.157,158 All quinolones are bactericidal against the majority of gram-negative bacteria.
Are there any side effects to taking quinolones?
Quinolones represent an important category of antibiotics that are generally safe and well tolerated. However, in the last 12 years, there has been an increase in the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to these antibiotics. Allergic reactions to quinolones can be classified as either immediate or delayed reactions.
How does antioxidant therapy help with quinolone toxicity?
Mitochondrial damage goes hand-in-hand with oxidative stress, so antioxidant support is critical. This study shows that a quinolone-damaged patient reported improvements in disability from antioxidant therapy. NAC is just one of them, but I wrote here on it and how antioxidants work in general.
Are there any in vitro tests for quinolones?
There are currently no commercial in vitro tests for the evaluation of quinolones allergy, although determination of specific IgE, basophil activation test, and lymphocyte transformation test have been shown to be useful for in vitro evaluation.