What is retinal angiomatous proliferation?
Retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) is defined as a variant of exudative age related macular degeneration (AMD) in which the retinal-choroidal neovascularization is characterized by intraretinal capillary proliferation or, if the origin of the process is in the choroid, then it is an early retinal-choroidal …
What is RAP eye?
Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation (RAP) was described by Yannuzzi and co-workers as a distinct form of neovascular Age-Related Degeneration (AMD).
What causes retinal neovascularization?
Retinal Neovascularization Studies indicate that ischemia is the main cause of RNV. Usually there is a loss of regional retinal perfusion, and the resulting hypoxic tissue stimulates the release of signaling molecules that promote an excess neovascularization.
What are rap lesions?
RAP lesions can be identified best in the mid or late phases of the ICG angiogram. They are focal areas of hyperfluorescence, so-called “hot-spots,” which increase in intensity as the ICG dye leaks into the surrounding intraretinal and subretinal spaces.
What is retinal Angioma?
Retinal angiomas are benign vascular hamartomatous lesions with important systemic and visual implications. Early diagnosis and treatment of retinal angiomas with an appropriate systemic workup for associated systemic diseases can prevent visual loss and morbidity and mortality.
What are reticular drusen?
Reticular drusen are yellowish subretinal lesions arranged in a network (i.e. reticular) and are more commonly found at the superotemporal quadrant of the macula.
How is retinal neovascularization treated?
Laser photocoagulation is the standard treatment for retinal or optic disc neovascularization, and approximately 60% of patients respond to panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) with regression of neovascularization within 3 months.
How does neovascularization happen?
Neovascularization is most commonly observed at the borders of perfused and nonperfused retina and most commonly occurs along the vascular arcades and at the optic nerve head. The new vessels break through and grow along the surface of the retina and into the scaffold of the posterior hyaloid face.
What is retinal astrocytoma?
Retinal astrocytomas (RAs) are benign, glial tumors of the retinal nerve fiber layer that arise from retinal astrocytes. They may be associated with tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, or can also be found incidentally as an isolated presentation.
Is retinal bleeding curable?
While some instances of retinal hemorrhage will resolve themselves, especially with healthy lifestyle changes, others will require surgical intervention.
What are reticular Pseudodrusen?
Abstract. Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD), also known as subretinal drusenoid deposits, represent a morphological change to the retina distinct from other subtypes of drusen by being located above the level of the retinal pigment epithelium.
What is the medical term for retinal angiomatous proliferation?
Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation (RAP) was described by Yannuzzi and co-workers as a distinct form of neovascular Age-Related Degeneration (AMD).
What is the stage of angiomatous proliferation in AMD?
Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation in AMD. • Stage I, intraretinal neovascularization (IRN), describes the capillary proliferation within the retina that originates from the deep capillary plexus in the paramacular region. This stage is often accompanied by intraretinal hemorrhages and edema (See Figure 1).
Which is neovascular proliferation has origin in the retina?
In 2001, Yannuzzi et al. described chorioretinal anastomosis as neovascular proliferation with origin in the retina, and proposed the designation of RAP – retinal angiomatous proliferation (9). Still, several authors (10-13) maintained the designation of chorioretinal anastomosis, proposing a choroidal origin for this clinical entity.
How to diagnose neovascularization of the retina?
ICG-A would be necessary to identify type 1 neovascularization. II) Early clinical signs – Involvement of the subretinal space with localized neurosensory detachment of the retina, oedema and retinal haemorrhages at the edges may already be observed in fundus colour photography.