What was the purpose of the Hofling experiment?
Method. The procedure involved a field experiment involving 22 (real) night nurses. Dr. Smith (the researcher) phones the nurses at a psychiatric hospital (on night duty) and asks them to check the medicine cabinet to see if they have the drug astroten.
What did Hofling et al find?
Findings. Hofling found that 21 out of the 22 nurses would have given the patient an overdose of medicine. None of the investigators, and only one experienced nurse who examined the protocol in advance, correctly guessed the experimental results.
What did Milgram investigate?
Milgram (1963) conducted one of the most famous and influential psychological investigations of obedience. He wanted to find out if ordinary American citizens would obey an unjust order from an authority figure and inflict pain on another person because they were instructed to.
What were Milgram’s variations?
Milgram carried out a variation in which the experimenter was called away because of a phone call right at the start of the procedure. The role of the experimenter was then taken over by an ‘ordinary member of the public’ ( a confederate) in everyday clothes rather than a lab coat. The obedience level dropped to 20%.
What is a natural experiment in psychology?
natural experiment, observational study in which an event or a situation that allows for the random or seemingly random assignment of study subjects to different groups is exploited to answer a particular question.
Is the Milgram experiment ethical?
The ethical issues involved with the Milgram experiment are as follows: deception, protection of participants involved, and the right to withdrawal. The experiment was deemed unethical, because the participants were led to believe that they were administering shocks to real people.
What is a natural study psychology?
the study of a naturally occurring situation as it unfolds in the real world. The researcher does not exert any influence over the situation but rather simply observes individuals and circumstances, comparing the current condition to some other condition.
What did bickman find?
Abstract. There are many variables that influence compliance. With regard to individuals making requests of others, Bickman (1974) found that the apparel of the person making the request significantly influenced whether another person complied with the request.
Is Milgram’s study Generalisable?
Findings: 65% of pp’s gave shocks to 450v. All pp’s gave shocks to 300v. Conclusion: People will obey an authority figure even when this causes harm to another individual. Generalisability: As onlymale pp’s were used, and it took place in American, the findings cannot be generalised to other cultures and to women.
What did Milgram find out about location in his variations?
In order to test the power of proximity, Milgram conducted a variation where the teacher and learner where seated in the same room. In these two variations, the closer the proximity of the teacher and learner, the lower the level of obedience. The proximity of the authority figure also affects the level of obedience.
What is quasi experiment psychology?
research in which the investigator cannot randomly assign units or participants to conditions, cannot generally control or manipulate the independent variable, and cannot limit the influence of extraneous variables. Also called nonexperimental research. …
What is a natural quasi experiment?
“Natural experiments” are a different type of quasi-experiment design used by researchers. It differs from person-by-treatment in a way that there is not a variable that is being manipulated by the experimenter.
How did Hofling do his study of obedience?
Hofling (1966) created a more realistic study of obedience than Milgram’s by carrying out field studies on nurses who were unaware that they were involved in an experiment.
What did Bickman study in the study of obedience?
Bickman (1974) carried out a field study where an experimenter approached strangers bssing-by on a New York street and asked them to carry out small, inconvenient tasks. The experiment was dressed either in a jacket and tie or a guards uniform. Bickman concluded that the results demonstrated the power of certain types of uniform.
Why did rank and Jacobson try to replicate hoflings experiment?
Rank and Jacobson (1977) tried to replicate Hoflings study using a real drug which the nurses had heard of, but did not get similar results. They believed that the nurse’s knowledge of the drug, specifically the consequence of an overdose, meant they could justify their defiance to the doctor more easily. Download this article as a PDF
How are the nurses in the Hofling experiment different?
The control group comprised 33 nurses, whereas there is only data for 22 nurses in the experiment. This indicates that the study had a high rate of attrition (i.e. high drop out rate). The study broke the ethical guideline of deception, as neither the doctor was real.