What is pathophysiology of leukemia?
Pathophysiology. Leukemia occurs due to malignant transformation of pluripotent (i.e., can give rise to both myeloid and lymphoid precursors) hematopoietic stem cells. Rarely it can also involve a more committed stem cell that has a limited self-renewal capacity.
What is the pathophysiology of ALL?
Pathophysiology of ALL (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia is caused by a series of acquired genetic aberrations. Malignant transformation usually occurs at the pluripotent stem cell level, although it sometimes involves a committed stem cell with more limited capacity for self-renewal.
What is the treatment protocol for leukemia?
If the leukemia remains in remission after induction and consolidation, maintenance therapy can begin. Most treatment plans use daily 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and weekly methotrexate, given as pills, often along with vincristine, which is given into a vein (IV), and a steroid (prednisone or dexamethasone).
What are the differential of leukemia?
The differential diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia includes a variety of other hematologic malignancies, specifically acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
What causes acute lymphoblastic Leukaemia?
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is caused by a DNA mutation in the stem cells causing too many white blood cells to be produced. The white blood cells are also released from the bone marrow before they are mature and able to fight infection like fully developed white blood cells.
What is the difference between acute lymphoblastic and lymphocytic leukemia?
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. “Acute” means that the leukemia can progress quickly, and if not treated, would probably be fatal within a few months. “Lymphocytic” means it develops from early (immature) forms of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
What is the survival rate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
While acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children is more common than other types of cancer, it has high cure rates. Survival rates are lower in adults, but they are improving. The 5-year relative survival rate for ALL is 68.8%. The statistics further break down to 90% in children and 30-40% in adults.
What are the differential diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
The following are possible differential diagnosis for ALL: Acute myelocytic leukemia. Acute anemia. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis.
How long do you live with acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL): In general, the disease goes into remission in nearly all children who have it. More than four out of five children live at least 5 years. The prognosis for adults is not as good. Only 25 to 35 percent of adults live 5 years or longer.
What is the life expectancy of a person with leukemia?
Life expectancy for this kind of leukemia may be 10 years, 20 years or even longer. Leukemia life expectancy also depends on the type of blood cells affected by the cancer. There are two groups of leukemia: lymphocytic and myelogenous, which are further divided into sub-groups, each with differing survival rates.
What are the symptoms of acute leukemia?
Signs and symptoms of acute lymphocytic leukemia may include: Bleeding from the gums. Bone pain. Fever. Frequent infections. Frequent or severe nosebleeds. Lumps caused by swollen lymph nodes in and around the neck, underarm, abdomen or groin.
How is acute lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed?
Tests and procedures used to diagnose acute lymphocytic leukemia include: Blood tests. Blood tests may reveal too many white blood cells, not enough red blood cells and not enough platelets. A blood test may also show the presence of blast cells — immature cells normally found in the bone marrow.