What is the pathogenesis associated with osteoporosis?
The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is multifactorial and takes into account genetics, systemic factors such as deficiency or excess of certain hormones and environmental factors and their interaction. Perturbations in peak bone mass acquisition predisposes to osteoporosis later in life.
What is the pathophysiologic process leading to the development of osteoporosis?
An oversupply of osteoclasts relative to the need for remodeling or an undersupply of osteoblasts relative to the need for cavity repair are the seminal pathophysiological changes in osteoporosis [2,3]. The amount of bone mass accrued by an individual reaches a peak by the third decade of life.
What is the role of osteoclasts in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis?
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are both important for the pathogenesis and progression of osteoporosis. Osteoclasts induce bone resorption and osteoblasts are associated with bone formation. Normal bone quality involves a neutral balance between resorption and formation.
What happens physiologically during osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis, a reduction in bone mass, predisposes to fracture. The most important cause of osteoporosis is oestrogen deficiency which results in increased bone turnover in which resorption exceeds formation. Corticosteroids can also induce osteoporosis in which trabecular bone is particularly affected.
How does osteoporosis affect the anatomy and physiology?
Osteoporosis is developed when there is a reduction in the amount of bone mass. Cortical bone becomes more porous and thin, while the structure of trabecular bone is impaired. This makes the bone weaker and more likely to fracture.
What physiological systems are involved in osteoporosis?
The systems affected, the musculo-skeletal system and the central nervous system, are shared in many respects with the frailty syndrome. Vitamin D deficiency is a major contributor to the frailty syndrome, osteoporosis, and osteoporotic fractures.
What is the pathophysiologic process leading to the development of osteoporosis quizlet?
The crucial role of remodeling in overall bone homeostasis is highlighted by the fact that impaired remodeling favoring bone resorption over bone formation is a fundamental pathophysiological mechanism leading to bone pathologies such as osteoporosis.
What is the main electrolyte involved in osteoporosis?
Several studies have shown that hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mmol/L), the most commonly observed electrolyte imbalance, is associated with falls, fractures, osteoporosis, and longer hospital stays.
What roles do osteoblasts and osteoclasts play in the cause of osteoporosis?
First, special bone cells called osteoclasts break down bone. Then, other bone cells called osteoblasts create new bone. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts can coordinate well for most of your life. Eventually, this coordination can break down, and the osteoclasts begin to remove more bone than the osteoblasts can create.
How do osteoclasts cause osteoporosis?
Osteoclasts require weeks to resorb bone, whereas osteoblasts need months to produce new bone and on average bone formation takes 4 to 6 months to be completed. Therefore, any process that increases the rate of bone remodeling results in net bone loss over time.
What kind of clinical features is present in osteoporotic patients?
The clinical symptoms of osteoporosis include pain, decreased body height, dowager’s hump, bone fracture and respiratory impairment. The optional method to diagnose osteoporosis is by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at the hip and lumbar spine.
What kind of disease is Ostertagia in cattle?
Ostertagiasis in Cattle. Ostertagia ostertagi is a common roundworm that causes parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle. A general overview of the risk factors and control measures for parasitic gastroenteritis in ruminants has its own page on Farm Health Online. Infection with Ostertagia can be classed as type I and type II.
When does Ostertagia type II cause sudden death?
‘ Type II Ostertagiasis: Ostertagia ostertagi may become hypobiotic in the Autumn and if these infestation are heavy, lots of hypobiotic larvae reactivate in the Spring. This causes severe acute gastritis (fibrinous or haemorrhagic), and even sudden death.
Where does the infective L3 of Ostertagia go?
The full parasitic life cycle can be seen on the picture on the right, but the infective L3 are ingested and they migrate to the abomasum, where they borrow into the gastric glands. Here they undergo two moults (through L4 and L5 stage) and erupt out of the gland as an adult.
What kind of life cycle does an ostertagi have?
O. ostertagi has a life cycle which consists of two stages: the free-living, pre-parasitic stage and the parasitic stage in the host (e.g. cattle). Eggs from mature females in the abomasum are passed in the faeces.