What are HK 2 cells?
HK-2 (human kidney 2) is a proximal tubular cell (PTC) line derived from normal kidney. The cells were immortalized by transduction with human papilloma virus 16 (HPV-16) E6/E7 genes. The cell line appears to be derived from a single cell based on Southern and FISH analysis.
What causes renal tubular cells in urine?
Renal Epithelial Cells They are associated with acute tubular necrosis, viral infections (such as cytomegalovirus), and renal transplant rejection. Their presence is also increased with fever, chemical toxins, drugs (espe- cially aspirin), heavy metals, inflamma- tion, infection, and neoplasms.
What are NRK cells?
The NRK cell line was derived from the kidney of a rat of the species Rattus norvegicus. The cells grow adherently and exhibit epithelial morphology.
What are small round cells in urine?
Round cell is close to tubular epithelial cells and expresses undifferentiated cell markers. Round cells can be highly detected in advanced renal failure and could be a novel marker for kidney death in a year both in diabetic and non-diabetic kidney disease.
What does the proximal tubule secrete?
The proximal tubule efficiently regulates the pH of the filtrate by exchanging hydrogen ions in the interstitium for bicarbonate ions in the filtrate; it is also responsible for secreting organic acids, such as creatinine and other bases, into the filtrate.
What is Type 2 RTA?
Proximal renal tubular acidosis (type II RTA) occurs when bicarbonate is not properly reabsorbed by the kidney’s filtering system. Type II RTA is less common than type I RTA. Type I is also called distal renal tubular acidosis. Type II most often occurs during infancy and may go away by itself.
What do renal cells in urine mean?
Renal tubular: Also known as renal cells, an increase in renal tubular cells in the urine may indicate a kidney disorder. Squamous: These are large epithelial cells that come from the vagina and urethra. They are the type most often found in a woman’s urine.
What does renal epithelial cells in urine mean?
An epithelial cells in urine test looks at urine under a microscope to see if the number of your epithelial cells is in the normal range. It’s normal to have a small amount of epithelial cells in your urine. A large amount may indicate an infection, kidney disease, or other serious medical condition.
What happens in the proximal tubule of the kidney?
The proximal tubules are a major component of the kidney and are responsible for the reabsorption of the majority of the glomerular ultrafiltrate, along with the reabsorptive or secretory transport of a vast number of solutes regulating the fluid-electrolyte and acid-base regulation of the body.
Why is the proximal tubule important?
The proximal tubule contributes to fluid, electrolyte, and nutrient homeostasis by reabsorbing approximately 60%–70% of the water and NaCl, a greater proportion of the NaHCO3, and nearly all of the nutrients in the ultrafiltrate.
What causes Type 2 RTA?
How is type 2 RTA diagnosed?
Type 2 RTA is diagnosed by measurement of the urine pH and fractional bicarbonate excretion during a bicarbonate infusion (sodium bicarbonate 0.5 to 1.0 mEq/kg/h [0.5 to 1.0 mmol/L] IV). In type 2, urine pH rises above 7.5, and the fractional excretion of bicarbonate is > 15%.