Is calmodulin linked to cancer?
Calmodulin plays key roles in processes in cancer biology and associated signaling pathways (68). Recent evidence suggests that Ca2+/calmodulin selectively modulate K-Ras4B signaling.
What is the molecular cause of breast cancer?
The predominant form of breast cancer is sporadic in nature, in which oncogenes – which are initially mutated – lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation (Kenemans et al 2004). Other genetic mutations, especially in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), are then thought to lead to malignancy.
What is proliferation in breast cancer?
The development and continued growth of cancers involves altered rates of cell proliferation. In early breast cancer, measurement of proliferation can be used in conjunction with tumour size, grade, nodal status and steroid receptor status as a prognostic indicator [1, 2].
What phosphorylates CaMKII?
When intracellular calcium levels rise, calcium binds to calmodulin, which activates CaMKII, and leads to phosphorylation of CaMKII at T286.
What kind of protein drug target is calmodulin?
Calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE1) is a therapeutic target [1] for regulating blood pressure in hypertensive subjects since it controls the contraction and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and cardiac myocytes via the second messenger Ca2+ and cAMP.
How long does it take for breast cancer to go from Stage 1 to Stage 2?
Overall, the average doubling time of breast cancer was 212 days but ranged from 44 days to 1800 days. “Doubling time” is the amount of time it takes for a tumor to double in size. But it’s hard to actually estimate, since factors like type of cancer and tumor size come into play.
How does breast cancer start Pubmed?
Breast cancer develops due to DNA damage and genetic mutations that can be influenced by exposure to estrogen. Sometimes there will be an inheritance of DNA defects or pro-cancerous genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2. Thus the family history of ovarian or breast cancer increases the risk for breast cancer development.
What is the significance of Ki-67?
Ki-67: Ki-67 is a protein in cells that increases as they prepare to divide into new cells. A staining process can measure the percentage of tumor cells that are positive for Ki-67. The more positive cells there are, the more quickly they are dividing and forming new cells.
What does Proliferation mean in cancer?
Cell proliferation is how quickly a cancer cell copies its DNA and divides into 2 cells. If the cancer cells are dividing more rapidly, it means the cancer is faster growing or more aggressive. The rate of cancer cell proliferation can be estimated by doing a Ki-67 test .
What is meant by calmodulin?
: a calcium-binding protein that mediates cellular metabolic processes (such as the contraction of muscle fibers) by regulating the activity of calcium-dependent enzymes.