How is Elk-1 activated?
Elk-1 is activated through phosphorylation by the three classes of MAP kinases, ERK, JNK, and p38 (Cavigelli et al., 1995; Gille et al., 1995; Whitmarsh et al., 1995; Enslen et al., 1998; Cruzalegui et al., 1999).
What gene is 2002?
2002 – Gene ResultELK1 ETS transcription factor ELK1 [ (human)]
Is ERK a transcription factor?
a | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation triggers a large transcriptional programme that supports cell proliferation. TCF phosphorylation induces transcription of immediate early genes (IEGs), including the JUN, FOS, MYC and EGR families, which encode transcription factors.
What does Elk-1 stand for?
ternary complex factor
ETS Like-1 protein Elk-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELK1. Elk-1 functions as a transcription activator. It is classified as a ternary complex factor (TCF), a subclass of the ETS family, which is characterized by a common protein domain that regulates DNA binding to target sequences.
What is the physiological outcome of the phosphorylation of domain C in Elk 1?
Phosphorylation of Elk-1 increases the yield of ternary complex in vitro. At least five residues in the C-terminal domain of Elk-1 are phosphorylated upon growth factor stimulation of NIH3T3 cells.
What is RET mutation?
Mutations in the RET gene are the most common genetic cause of Hirschsprung disease, a disorder that causes severe constipation or blockage of the intestine. More than 200 RET gene mutations are known to cause this condition.
What is BRAF stand for?
BRAF is a human gene that encodes a protein called B-Raf. The gene is also referred to as proto-oncogene B-Raf and v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, while the protein is more formally known as serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf.
What does the ERK pathway do?
Role of mitogen signaling in cell cycle progression The ERK pathway plays an important role of integrating external signals from the presence of mitogens such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) into signaling events promoting cell growth and proliferation in many mammalian cell types.
Is ERK a secondary messenger?
It is assumed that GPCR activation can elicit similar mechanisms of ERK phosphorylation as the second messenger or effector alone does. However, this does not occur in all cases [20, 27]. One of the first second messengers to be recognized as a modulator of ERK phosphorylation was cAMP.
Is Elk-1 regulated by phosphorylation?
The transcription factor Elk-1 is downstream of ERK, and its activity, regulated by ERK-dependent phosphorylation, leads to transcriptional activation of target genes (Davis, Vanhoutte, Pagès, Caboche, & Laroche, 2000).
What is the physiological outcome of the phosphorylation of domain C in Elk-1?
What functional requirements are necessary for elk 1 activation?
Activation of Elk-1 depends on phosphorylation of Ser383 and Ser389 in the transcriptional activation domain by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (Janknecht et al., 1993; Gille et al., 1995), which causes a conformational change that enhances DNA binding affinity (Gille et al., 1995; Sharrocks, 1995; Yang et al..
What is the function of the transcription factor Elk1?
ELK1 ELK1, ETS transcription factor [ (human)] Summary. This gene is a member of the Ets family of transcription factors and of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily. Proteins of the TCF subfamily form a ternary complex by binding to the the serum response factor and the serum response element in the promoter of the c-fos proto-oncogene.
How does MEK kinase lead to the activation of Elk1?
MEK kinase (MEKK) can also activate MEKs, which then activate MAPKs, making Raf unnecessary at times. Various signal transduction pathways, therefore, funnel through MEKs and MAPKs and lead to the activation of Elk1. After stimulation of Elk1, SRF, which allows Elk1 to bind to the c-fos promoter, must be recruited.
Which is the downstream target of the Elk1 gene?
The downstream target of Elk1 is the serum response element (SRE) of the c-fos proto-oncogene. To produce c-fos, a protein encoded by the Fos gene, Elk1 needs to be phosphorylated by MAPKs at its C-terminus. MAPKs are the final effectors of signal transduction pathways that begin at the plasma membrane.
How does the binding of Elk1 to SRF occur?
The binding of Elk1 to SRF happens due to protein-protein interaction between the B domain of Elk1 and SRF and the protein-DNA interaction via the A domain. The aforementioned proteins are like recipes for a certain signaling output. If one of these ingredients, such as SRF, is missing, then a different output occurs.