What is translational level control?
Translational regulation refers to the control of the levels of protein synthesized from its mRNA. It is affected by many factors such as sex, hormones, cell cycle, growth and development, health status and living environment, as well as the changes of many biochemical substances involved in protein synthesis.
What is an example of translational control?
Translational control mechanisms are, besides transcriptional control and mRNA stability, the most determining for final protein levels. An interesting example of translational control is the switch between cap-independent and cap-dependent translation during the eukaryotic cell cycle.
Why is translational control important?
Translational control plays an essential role in the regulation of gene expression. It is especially important in defining the proteome, maintaining homeostasis, and controlling cell proliferation, growth, and development.
Why is controlling protein synthesis important?
Protein synthesis is an indispensable process in the pathway of gene expression, and is a key component in its control. Regulation of translation plays a prominent role in most processes in the cell and is critical for maintaining homeostasis in the cell and the organism.
Where does translational regulation take place?
initiation of translation
In most of these cases regulation takes place at the level of initiation of translation, which is often attributable to structural peculiarities of the mRNA in question, especially of the 5′-untranslated region or leader.
Where does post translational control take place?
Post-transcriptional control can occur at any stage after transcription, including RNA splicing, nuclear shuttling, and RNA stability. Once RNA is transcribed, it must be processed to create a mature RNA that is ready to be translated. This involves the removal of introns that do not code for protein.
What can regulate translation?
Regulation of translation This process involves many “helper” proteins, which make sure the ribosome is correctly positioned. Translation can be regulated globally (for every mRNA in the cell) through changes in the availability or activity of the “helper” proteins.
What happens if protein synthesis goes wrong?
Protein synthesis errors may also produce polypeptides displaying a gain of toxic function. In rare cases, the error may confer an alternate or pathological function on an otherwise normal, folded protein. More often, errors disrupt folding, and the misfolded molecule may be toxic.
How is translation initiation regulated?
Initiation of translation is regulated by the accessibility of ribosomes to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. This stretch of four to nine purine residues are located upstream the initiation codon and hybridize to a pyrimidine-rich sequence near the 3′ end of the 16S RNA within the 30S bacterial ribosomal subunit.
What part of translation is most involved in translational level regulation?
The process of translation can be divided into initiation, elongation, termination, and ribosome recycling. Most regulation is exerted at the first stage, where the AUG start codon is identified and decoded by the methionyl tRNA specialized for initiation (Met-tRNAi).
What happens in post translational control?
Post-translational control can be defined as the mechanisms by which protein structure can be altered after translation. Alternatively, the sequence or number of the amino acids in a protein can be altered. These changes can alter the structure or function of the protein, or they can target it for destruction.