How is isoniazid synthesized?
Isoniazid can be synthesized in a two-step synthesis out of isonicotinic acid. First isonicotinic acid is turned into isonicotinic- acid-ethylester by an acid-catalyzed esterification with ethanol: At the beginning of the reaction the carbonylgroup is protonated by the acid, so the carbon gets more reactive.
What is the chemical name of isoniazid?
isonicotinic acid hydrazide
A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between pyridine-4-carboxylic acid and hydrazine. Isoniazid, also known as isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Is isoniazid a synthetic drug?
As a result, streptomycin and para-amino salicylic acid (PAS), a synthetic drug also discovered in 1944, were jointly prescribed, limiting the development of drug resistant bacteria. Isonicotonic hydrazide, most commonly called isoniazid, was found to be effective against tuberculosis in 1952.
Is isoniazid bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Isoniazid is a bactericidal agent active against organisms of the genus Mycobacterium, specifically M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. kansasii.
What does isoniazid INH do?
Isoniazid is used with other medications to treat active tuberculosis (TB) infections. It is also used alone to prevent active TB infections in people who may be infected with the bacteria (people with positive TB skin test). Isoniazid is an antibiotic and works by stopping the growth of bacteria.
Is isoniazid bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
Isoniazid is bactericidal when mycobacteria grow rapidly and bacteriostatic when they grow slowly. Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by bacterial catalase.
What is the chemical structure of hydrochlorothiazide?
Hydrochlorothiazide hydrochloride
| PubChem CID | 148451 |
|---|---|
| Structure | Find Similar Structures |
| Molecular Formula | C7H9Cl2N3O4S2 |
| Synonyms | Hydrochlorothiazide hydrochloride UNII-8ZJA0NWF31 8ZJA0NWF31 42461-28-9 Hydrochlorothiazide HCl More… |
| Molecular Weight | 334.2 |
What is the target structure of isoniazid?
The primary target of isoniazid is believed to be InhA, a NADH-dependent enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase involved in the synthesis of mycolic acid. The activated species, presumably an isonicotinic acyl radical, forms an adduct with the NAD radical.
How does isoniazid INH work?
Isoniazid is an antibiotic and works by stopping the growth of bacteria. Isoniazid treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Unnecessary use or misuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness.
What is the MOA of isoniazid?
Mechanism of action — The antimicrobial activity of INH is selective for mycobacteria, likely due to its ability to inhibit mycolic acid synthesis, which interferes with cell wall synthesis, thereby producing a bactericidal effect [1].
Is isoniazid an inducer or inhibitor?
Isoniazid is a mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A2, 2A6, 2C19 and 3A4 isoforms in human liver microsomes.
How does isoniazid inhibit the synthesis of mycoloic acids?
Specficially, activation is associated with reduction of the mycobacterial ferric KatG catalase-peroxidase by hydrazine and reaction with oxygen to form an oxyferrous enzyme complex. Once activated, isoniazid inhibits the synthesis of mycoloic acids, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall.
What happens when isoniazid is administered with food?
Absorption and bioavailability are reduced when isoniazid is administered with food. Primarily hepatic. Isoniazid is acetylated by N -acetyl transferase to N -acetylisoniazid; it is then biotransformed to isonicotinic acid and monoacetylhydrazine.
When was isoniazid first made available to the public?
Isoniazid was first made in 1952. It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization classifies isoniazid as critically important for human medicine. Isoniazid is available as a generic medication.
What is the pH of the drug isoniazid?
Isoniazid appears as odorless colorless or white crystals or white crystalline powder. Taste is slightly sweet at first and then bitter. pH (1% aqueous solution) 5.5-6.5. pH (5% aqueous solution) 6-8. (NTP, 1992) National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992.