What causes Millard-Gubler syndrome?
Causes of Millard-Gubler syndrome (MGS) vary with age. In younger people, the leading causes are tumors, infectious diseases (neurocysticercosis and tuberculosis),[2] demyelinating diseases (multiple sclerosis), and viral infection (Rhomb encephalitis).
What is Foville syndrome?
Inferior medial pontine syndrome, also known as Foville syndrome, is one of the brainstem stroke syndromes occurring when there is infarction of the medial inferior aspect of the pons due to occlusion of the paramedian branches of the basilar artery 1-3.
What cranial nerve does Foville affect?
The classic syndrome involves the inferiomedial pons which would present with ipsilateral sixth nerve palsy, seventh nerve palsy and/or eight nerve palsy, fifth sensory nuclear palsy, and long tract signs: contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss.
What is lateral pontine syndrome?
Lateral pontine syndrome or Marie Foix Alajouanine syndrome refers to the brainstem stroke syndrome involving lateral pons due to the infarction in the distribution of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. It involves the lateral inferior part of the pons, middle cerebellar peduncle, and floccular region.
What is one and a half syndrome?
One-and-a-half syndrome is a syndrome characterized by horizontal movement disorders of the eyeballs, which was first reported and named by Fisher in 1967. It presents a combination of ipsilateral conjugate horizontal gaze palsy (one) and ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) (a half).
How can you tell the difference between UMN and LMN facial palsy?
If the forehead is not affected (i.e. the patient is able to raise fully the eyebrow on the affected side) then the facial palsy is likely to be an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion. Paralysis which includes the forehead, such that the patient is unable to raise the affected eyebrow, is a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion.
What is eight and a half syndrome?
Eight-and-a-half syndrome is a rare pontine neuro-ophthalmologic syndrome made up of a conjugate horizontal gaze palsy, ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia and ipsilateral lower motor neuron-like facial palsy [1], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].
What is medullary syndrome?
Medial medullary syndrome is a form of stroke that affects the medial medulla of the brain. It is usually caused by atherothrombotic occlusion of paramedian branches of the anterior spinal artery, the vertebral artery, or the basilar artery.
What is PON anatomy?
The pons (Varolii) is the middle portion of the three parts of the brainstem, sitting above the medulla and below the midbrain. It acts as a relay between the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres.
Where is the lesion in Ino?
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is a disorder of horizontal ocular movement due to a lesion in the brain stem (usually in the pons, specifically along the medial longitudinal fasciculus between the VI and III nuclei).
What is a Dysconjugate gaze?
Definition. Dysconjugate gaze is a failure of the eyes to turn together in the same direction.
Is Bells palsy UMN or LMN?
Patients with a Bell’s Palsy will present with varying severity of painless unilateral lower motor neuron (LMN) weakness of the facial muscles (Fig. 2). Depending on the severity and the proximity of the nerve affected, it can also result in: Inability to close their eye (temporal and zygomatic branches)
What are the different types of Foville Syndrome?
Though several clinical variants have emerged over the years, classical Foville syndrome presents with ipsilateral sixth nerve palsy, facial palsy, and contralateral hemiparesis. Reports exist of other features such as facial hypoesthesia, peripheral deafness, Horner syndrome, ataxia, pain, and thermal hypoesthesia. [1] [2] [3]
Who was the first person to discover Foville Syndrome?
Foville syndrome is a rare inferior medial pontine syndrome first characterized in 1858 by anatomist and psychiatrist Achille Louis Francois Foville.
How is the pons affected by Foville’s Syndrome?
Foville’s syndrome. Foville’s syndrome is caused by the blockage of the perforating branches of the basilar artery in the region of the brainstem known as the pons. Structures affected by the infarct are the PPRF, nuclei of cranial nerves VI and VII, corticospinal tract, medial lemniscus, and the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
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