How does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause pneumonia?
Pneumococcal disease is caused by common bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae) that can attack different parts of the body. When these bacteria invade the lungs, they can cause pneumonia; when they invade the bloodstream, they can cause sepsis; and when they invade the covering of the brain, they can cause meningitis.
How does pneumonia cause empyema?
The most common cause of empyema is pneumonia caused by a bacterial infection of the lungs. An empyema can form when pneumonia fails to fully respond to treatment in a straightforward way.
What causes rusty sputum in pneumonia?
Scanty, watery sputum is often noted in atypical pneumonia; “rusty” sputum is seen in pneumococcal pneumonia; and currant-jelly or dark-red sputum suggests Klebsiella pneumoniae. Foul-smelling sputum is associated with anaerobic infections due to aspiration, lung abscess, and necrotizing pneumonia.
What is the pathophysiology of bacterial pneumonia?
Most pneumonia occurs when a breakdown in your body’s natural defenses allows germs to invade and multiply within your lungs. To destroy the attacking organisms, white blood cells rapidly accumulate. Along with bacteria and fungi, they fill the air sacs within your lungs (alveoli). Breathing may be labored.
Is Streptococcus pneumoniae the same as pneumonia?
Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of viruses, bacteria, and sometimes fungi. Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae or strep. S. pneumoniae is also called pneumococcus.
What type of pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a Gram-positive bacterium that is responsible for the majority of community-acquired pneumonia. It is a commensal organism in the human respiratory tract, meaning that it benefits from the human body, without harming it.
What is the difference between pneumonia and empyema?
Infection within the lung (pneumonia) can be coughed out. Infection in the pleural space (empyema) cannot be coughed out and must be drained by a needle or surgery.
What causes lobar pneumonia?
The most common organisms which cause lobar pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae, also called pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the tubercle bacillus, may also cause lobar pneumonia if pulmonary tuberculosis is not treated promptly.
What kind of pneumonia produces rust colored sputum?
S pneumoniae is classically associated with a cough productive of rust-colored sputum. Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, and pneumococcal species may produce green sputum. Klebsiella species pneumonia is classically associated with a cough productive of red currant-jelly sputum.
How is strep pneumonia treated?
Pneumococcal pneumonia caused by organisms that are susceptible or intermediately resistant to penicillin responds to treatment with penicillin, one million units intravenously every 4 hours, ampicillin, 1g every 6 hours, or ceftriaxone, 1g every 24 hours.
Is there a recurrence of Brunner’s gland hyperplasia?
At a median follow up of 11 months, no patient had recurrence and were symptom free. Brunner’s gland hyperplasia is a rare elusive duodenal pathology, symptomatically mimicking alarming duodenal lesions and mostly diagnosed on histopathology of specimen.
What kind of tumor is Brunner’s gland?
Brunner’s gland hyperplasia makes up 10.6% of benign tumors in the duodenum and rarely presents any symptoms ( 2 ). The first case of Brunner’s gland hyperplasia was reported in 1835 in a patient with fatal duodenal intussusceptions ( 3 ). It is usually found incidentally because it is small and asymptomatic.
Can a hemorrhagic shock occur from Brunner’s gland?
Brunner’s gland hyperplasia is a very rare lesion of the duodenum, which is usually asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. It can cause gastrointestinal bleeding but hemorrhagic shock is a rare clinical presentation of Brunner’s gland hyperplasia.
What is the difference between Brunner’s gland and hamartoma?
Brunner’s gland hyperplasia has been attrib- uted to multiple small polypoid or nodular lesions composed of excessive Brunner’s glands separated by fibrous septa (Fig. 2). Brunner’s gland hamartoma has been recog- nized as referring to a solitary mass that con- tains a mixture of acini, ducts, smooth mus- cle, adipose tissue, and lymphoid tissue.