What is the pathophysiology of urolithiasis?
Urolithiasis occurs when crystals that the stone is composed of supersaturate the urine due to being present in a high concentration and begin to collect and crystallize within the parenchyma of the kidney, forming the renal calculi.
Is nephrolithiasis the same as Ureterolithiasis?
Nephrolithiasis specifically refers to calculi in the kidneys, but renal calculi and ureteral calculi (ureterolithiasis) are often discussed in conjunction (see the images below).
What is the pathogenesis of kidney stones?
The single most important determinant of stone formation is low fluid intake. A low fluid intake results in the production of concentrated urine, causing supersaturation and crystallisation of stone–forming compounds. In addition, low urine flow rates favour crystal deposition on the urothelium.
How is nephrolithiasis formed?
The most common type of kidney stone is a calcium oxalate stone. Most kidney stones are formed when oxalate, a by product of certain foods, binds to calcium as urine is being made by the kidneys. Both oxalate and calcium are increased when the body doesn’t have enough fluids and also has too much salt.
What is the medical term for pus in urine?
Pyuria is a urinary condition that is characterized by an elevated number of white blood cells in the urine. Doctors define a high number as at least 10 white blood cells per cubic millimeter (mm3) of centrifuged urine. Pyuria can cause the urine to look cloudy or as if it contains pus.
What anatomical structures are affected by kidney stones?
Kidney stones often go unnoticed until they block the renal pelvis or travel through the ureter. The main symptom is pain, which can range from feeling just a little unwell to waves of severe pain. The pain may affect your lower abdomen, belly or back “flank pain,” depending on which part of the ureter the stone is in.
What is right Ureterolithiasis?
Ureterolithiasis, which literally translates to stones in the ureter, is sometimes referred to improperly as “kidney stones,” which are properly known as nephrolithiasis. Although stones do form within the kidney, they do not typically cause acute pain.
What is the difference between hydronephrosis and Hydroureter?
Hydronephrosis is defined as dilatation and distension of the renal collecting system of one or both kidneys due to obstruction of urine outflow distal to the renal pelvis (i.e., ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra). Dilation of the ureter due to obstruction of urine outflow is called hydroureter.
What type of precipitate is formed in the formation of kidney stones?
It is usually accompanied by hypocitraturia, which precipitates the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Hypercalciuria and alkaline urine lead to formation of calcium phosphate stones. Patients with these types of stones have a significantly lower threshold of renal phosphate reabsorption.
What are the 5 types of kidney stones?
Types of kidney stones include:
- Calcium stones. Most kidney stones are calcium stones, usually in the form of calcium oxalate.
- Struvite stones. Struvite stones form in response to a urinary tract infection.
- Uric acid stones.
- Cystine stones.
Can you pass a 7mm kidney stone?
Kidney stone treatment depends on the size and type of stone as well as whether infection is present. Stones 4 mm and smaller in about 90 percent of cases; those 5–7 mm do so in 50 percent of cases; and those larger than 7 mm rarely pass without a surgical procedure.
What is pus cells in urine 2 3 HPF?
Presence of pus cells in urine defined as pyuria is an important accompaniment of bacteriuria which may be asymptomatic or can indicate toward underlying urinary tract infection (UTI). Pyuria is significant if there are more than 4 pus cells/HPF in a centrifuged urine sample.
How does ureterolithiasis affect the healthcare system?
Ureterolithiasis is a worldwide disease that affects millions of people and places a large financial burden. Thus, this disease places a significant burden on the healthcare system. There is also an increasing incidence and prevalence of this disease. Moreover, there is upcoming evidence that nephro …
Where does the name ureterolithiasis come from?
In its original Greek Ureterolithiasis literally means “Urine Stone” due to the fact that it affects the urinary tract. It is relatively common and have been plaguing mankind for many centuries.
What are the symptoms of ureterolithiasis acute renal colic?
The symptoms consist of excruciating pain that typically originates in the flank and radiates to the groin. Furthermore, the location of pain corresponds to the site of the stone in the ureter. The acute renal colic attack is also associated with nausea, vomiting and possibly hematuria.
What are the signs and symptoms of ureteral stones?
Ureteral stones give rise to an abrupt onset of colicky pain in the flank and lower abdomen, and radiation to the lower pelvic region on the same side. Other common features are nausea and emesis.