What is pathophysiology of typhoid fever?
Pathophysiology. S. typhi is a gram negative bacillus typically transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Entry of S. typhi into the small bowel epithelium after ingestion appears to be mediated by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)
What is pathophysiology of Salmonella typhi?
Pathogenesis. Pathogenic salmonellae ingested in food survive passage through the gastric acid barrier and invade the mucosa of the small and large intestine and produce toxins. Invasion of epithelial cells stimulates the release of proinflammatory cytokines which induce an inflammatory reaction.
What are the four stages of typhoid fever?
The classic presentation is fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated typhoid fever may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
What are the vectors of typhoid fever?
Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces from an infected person. Risk factors include limited access to clean drinking water, and poor sanitation.
What causes fever in typhoid fever?
Typhoid Fever At A Glance Typhoid fever is contracted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Diagnosis of typhoid fever is made when Salmonella bacteria are detected with stool, urine, or blood cultures. Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics.
What is the life cycle of Salmonella typhi?
The intracellular life-cycle of Salmonella includes the entry of the bacterium in the host cell, SCV formation (whose pH changes from 6.5 to 5.5 depicted by change in the color of SCV compartment), evasion of host immune response and ultimately host cell death by apoptosis.
What is the first stage of typhoid fever?
In early stages of the disease, symptoms include: abdominal pain, fever, and a general feeling of being unwell. These initial symptoms are similar to other illnesses. As typhoid fever gets worse, symptoms often include: High fever of up to 104 degrees Fahrenheit.
Why does leukopenia occur in typhoid fever?
Elsewhere, 94/61.3% anemia, 70/40% thrombocytopenia and 12/4% leukopenia have been reported among adults with malaria or typhoid respectively [14, 18, 19]. Bicytopenia and pancytopenia usually result from direct or indirect decreasing effect on hematopoietic cell production in the bone marrow [20,21,22].
What is the pathophysiological process?
Pathophysiology (consisting of the Greek origin words “pathos” = suffering; “physis” = nature, origin; and “logos” = “the study of”) refers to the study of abnormal changes in body functions that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes.
Which organ is affected by typhoid?
After the infection, bacteria reach the bloodstream from where it reaches different organs thus causing various symptoms. The gastrointestinal tract is more severely affected including liver, spleen, and muscles. Through bloodstream, bacteria can also reach gallbladder, lungs, and kidneys.
What is the best medicine for typhoid fever?
Typhoid fever, when properly treated, is not fatal in most cases. Antibiotics, such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin, have been commonly used to treat typhoid fever.
How do you catch the typhoid fever?
Typhoid fever is contracted by drinking or eating the bacteria in contaminated food or water. People with acute illness can contaminate the surrounding water supply through stool, which contains a high concentration of the bacteria. Contamination of the water supply can, in turn, taint the food supply.
How does typhoid fever affect the human body?
How does typhoid fever affect the body? Honor Society of Nursing (STTI) Once the bacteria that causes typhoid fever is consumed, it travels from the digestive system into the blood. As the bacteria travel through the body, symptoms like high fever, headache, and overall fatigue can develop. The digestive system is also affected by the bacteria, which leads to stomach pain, diarrhea or constipation, and weight loss.
Is typhoid fever caused by bacteria virus or parasite?
Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe, and usually begin 6 to 30 days after exposure. [1] [2] Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. [1]