What does phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II do?
It has a kinase activity that phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II at the amino acid serine. This switches the RNA polymerase to start producing RNA. Finally it is essential for Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) of damaged DNA.
Where is the RNA polymerase II phosphorylated?
Unphosphorylated RNA Pol II assembles within the initiation complex at the promoter. At this stage, the CTD may interact with factors important for regulation of transcription initiation. The CTD is then phosphorylated at Ser 5 by the TFIIH kinase subunit.
What is the role of Rnapii I CTD phosphorylation in the regulation of transcription and RNA processing?
The CTD plays important roles at all steps of the transcription process, including enhancing or modulating the efficiency of all of the RNA processing reactions required for completion of synthesis of the mature RNA. The phosphorylation state of the CTD is critical in determining its activity.
Does RNA polymerase II require ATP?
Transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II does not require hydrolysis of the beta-gamma phosphoanhydride bond of ATP. Laboratory for Physiological Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
Which TF is always bound with RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes?
The role of TBP has been demonstrated directly by the finding that yeasts carrying mutations in TBP are defective not only for transcription by polymerase II, but also for transcription by polymerases I and III. Thus, TBP is a common transcription factor required by all three classes of eukaryotic RNA polymerases.
What is the role of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II?
RNA polymerase II, and specifically the C-terminal domain (CTD) of its largest subunit, has been demonstrated to play important roles in capping, splicing, and 3′ processing of mRNA precursors. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism by which the CTD functions in splicing.
Why is RNA polymerase phosphorylated?
The C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II undergoes a cycle of phosphorylation which allows it to temporally couple transcription with transcription-associated processes. The characterization of hitherto unrecognized metazoan elongation phase CTD kinase activities expands our understanding of this coupling.
Which subunit of RNA polymerase is responsible for phosphorylation in C-terminal domain *?
RNA polymerase II
The C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) contains a series of YSPTSPS heptad repeats that are multiply-phosphorylated during the eukaryotic transcription cycle.
What is CTD RNA polymerase II?
The C-terminal repeat domain (CTD), an unusual extension appended to the C terminus of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, serves as a flexible binding scaffold for numerous nuclear factors; which factors bind is determined by the phosphorylation patterns on the CTD repeats.
How does RNA polymerase II work?
RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA. It is one of the three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
How does RNA polymerase 2 work?
RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcribes all protein-coding genes and many noncoding RNAs in eukaryotic genomes. Although Pol II is a complex, 12-subunit enzyme, it lacks the ability to initiate transcription and cannot consistently transcribe through long DNA sequences.
Which are boxes that can be part of RNA polymerase II promoters?
The known core promoter elements include the TATA box, Inr (initiator), BRE(u) {BRE [TFIIB (transcription factor for RNA polymerase IIB) recognition element] upstream of the TATA box} and BRE(d) (BRE downstream of the TATA box), MTE (motif ten element), DCE (downstream core element) and DPE (downstream core promoter …
What is the role of Ser-5 phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II?
Ser-5 phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain by TFIIH kinase has been implicated in critical steps in mRNA synthesis, such as Pol II promoter escape and mRNA 5′-capping. However, the general requirement and precise role of TFIIH kinase in Pol II transcription still remain elusive.
Which is the C terminal domain of RNA polymerase II?
The C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) contains a series of YSPTSPS heptad repeats that are multiply-phosphorylated during the eukaryotic transcription cycle.
What is the function of CTD Ser-2 phosphorylation?
CTD Ser-2 phosphorylation has been implicated in productive elongation and the 3′-end processing of the transcript ( 2 ). However, it remains unclear whether CTD phosphorylation is required for transcription in general or functions in a promoter- and activator-specific manner.