What is Broncholiths?
Broncholiths are calcified material within tracheobronchial tree. They originate from calcified peribronchial lymph nodes which had subsequently erode the bronchus. They may remain asymptomatic or may produce nonspecific symptoms. Clinical signs and radiological investigations are usually inconclusive.
What causes Broncholiths?
A broncholith is usually formed by erosion by and extrusion of a calcified adjacent lymph node into the bronchial lumen and is usually associated with long-standing foci of necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis (,,,,,Fig 1).
What is Lithoptysis?
Abstract. Broncholithiasis is defined as calcified or ossified material in the bronchial lumen. The most frequently seen symptoms are a non-productive cough and hemoptysis. Occasionally, broncholytic expectoration can be seen, which is known as lithoptysis.
What is a Bronchospastic cough?
Bronchospasm occurs when the airways (bronchial tubes) go into spasm and contract. This makes it hard to breathe and causes wheezing (a high-pitched whistling sound). Bronchospasm can also cause frequent coughing without wheezing. Bronchospasm is due to irritation, inflammation, or allergic reaction of the airways.
How long is a bronchoscopy?
Bronchoscopy is usually done in a procedure room in a clinic or in a hospital operating room. The entire procedure, including prep and recovery time, typically takes about four hours. Bronchoscopy itself usually lasts about 30 to 60 minutes.
What are calcified granulomas?
A calcified granuloma is a specific type of tissue inflammation that has become calcified over time. When something is referred to as “calcified,” it means that it contains deposits of the element calcium. Calcium has a tendency to collect in tissue that is healing.
What does Bronchorrhea mean in medical terms?
Bronchorrhea is defined as water sputum production of over 100 mL per day and sometimes it can be confused as a chronic cough syndrome.
What is a spasmodic cough?
A coughing spasm is continuous coughing for longer than about five minutes. A cough is your body’s defensive reflex that functions to keep your airways clear of irritating or obstructing substances so that you can breathe effectively. Coughing spasms can make it difficult to breathe or talk during the coughing spell.
How serious is a bronchoscopy?
Complications from bronchoscopy are uncommon and usually minor, although they are rarely severe. Complications may be more likely if airways are inflamed or damaged by disease. Complications may be related to the procedure itself or to the sedative or topical numbing medicine.
Are you put to sleep for a bronchoscopy?
You will be awake during the procedure. You will be given medicine to help you relax (sedative). You will also be given a liquid medicine to numb your nose and throat. For a rigid bronchoscopy, you will be given general anesthesia.
How do you get rid of calcified granulomas?
Since calcified granulomas are almost always benign, they typically don’t require treatment. However, if you have an active infection or condition that’s causing granuloma formation, your doctor will work to treat that.
What is the name of the procedure to remove the thyroid?
The most common are lobectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy, and total thyroidectomy. Sometimes, a nodule, inflammation, or swelling affects only half of the thyroid gland. When this happens, a doctor will remove only one of the two lobes. The part left behind should retain some or all of its function.
Why does broncholith break loose in the endobronchial tree?
The exact mechanism of the calcified material (broncholith) entering the endobronchial tree remains unknown. It is hypothesized, however, that the calcified tissues gradually erodes and/or breaks loose in the airways as a result of repetitive movements of respiration or cardiac pulsations.
Where does the term broncholithiasis come from?
The term “broncholithiasis” is defined as the presence of calcified or ossified materials within the tracheobronchial tree. The report of the condition dates back to 300 bc when Aristotle first described a symptom of “spitting of stones.”
When to use Computed tomography for broncholithiasis?
Broncholithiasis is strongly suggested at computed tomography (CT) when an endobronchial or peribronchial calcified nodule is associated with findings of bronchial obstruction.
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