What contains anthraquinone glycosides?
8.7. 1 Plants Containing Anthraquinone Glycosides. Anthraquinones are distributed in fungi, lichens, and spermatophyta. They are also found in limited groups of angiosperm families such as Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, and Scrophulariaceae [3].
What are free anthraquinones?
Free anthraquinones mainly contain rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, isoemodin, chrysaron, isoemodin, laccaic acid D. Combination anthraquinones are the glycosides combined by free anthraquinones and glycosyl.
What is Rhein used for?
Rhein, an anthraquinone drug, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. Rhein is a major bioactive metabolite of diacerein which has been approved for treating osteoarthritis with a good safety profile in humans.
What foods contain anthraquinone?
Introduction. Anthraquinones (AQs) are found in rhubarb root, Senna leaf and pod, Cascara, Buckhorn, and Aloe, and they are widely used in laxative preparations.
What is anthraquinone derivative?
Anthraquinone derivatives with a laxative effect can be found in a number of plants: Senna leaves or fruits, rhubarb root, alder tree bark, cascara bark and aloe (see Chapter 2.19). The laxative effect is elicited by direct stimulation of the musculature of the colon. Anthraquinones are apparently not teratogenic.
What is the meaning of Rhein?
Noun. 1. Rhein – a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea.
What is the structure of emodin?
Emodin is a trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens.
How do you make anthraquinone?
It is prepared commercially by oxidation of anthracene or condensation of benzene and phthalic anhydride, followed by dehydration of the condensation product. The anthraquinones occur widely in plants but in only a few animals.
What is the example of anthraquinone dyes from below?
Anthraquinone dyes are lightfast and wash fast. Examples of anthraquinone dyes include anthrapyrimidine yellow (Pigment Yellow 108), anthraquinoid red (Pigment Red 177), and Indanthrone blue (Pigment Blue 60).
Is anthraquinone soluble in ethanol?
It is a yellow, highly crystalline solid, poorly soluble in water but soluble in hot organic solvents. It is almost completely insoluble in ethanol near room temperature but 2.25 g will dissolve in 100 g of boiling ethanol.
What kind of ingredients are in rhubarb?
The modern researches of rhubarb clarified the efficacies, ingredients and mechanisms in a more scientific and rigorous way. The main chemical compositions of rhubarb include anthraquinones, anthrones, stilbenes, tannins, polysaccharides etc.
Are there any side effects to eating rhubarb?
Pharmacological effects of rhubarb are extensive. In clinic, it is used to treat various diseases, such as constipation, acute pancreatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, DN, CRF and so on. But rhubarb is not suitable for long-term using to avoid producing toxic and side effects.
What kind of tannins are in rhubarb?
Since the 1880s, the discovery that rhubarb tannins reduced the content of BUN, sparked great interest and attention of scholars both at home and abroad. Tannins in rhubarb generally account for 10–30% [ 28 ]. It can be divided into hydrolytic type and condensation type.
How does rhubarb affect the central nervous system?
Rhubarb exerts an antipyretic effect by acting on the central nervous system. The mechanism of rhubarb antipyretic effect may be related to deduct the production of PGE 2 and cAMP in hypothalamus and down-regulate central body temperature [ 67 ].