What do waxy casts indicate?
Waxy casts represent the final stage in the degeneration of cells within a cast—from cellular to granular to waxy [I3]. They suggest renal stasis or nephron obstruction and represent seri- ous disease.
What causes waxy casts in urine?
Waxy casts can be found in people with advanced kidney disease and long-term (chronic) kidney failure . White blood cell (WBC) casts are common with acute kidney infections and interstitial nephritis.
What does the presence of casts in urine mean?
Granular casts are a sign of many types of kidney diseases. Red blood cell casts mean there is a microscopic amount of bleeding from the kidney. They are seen in many kidney diseases. Renal tubular epithelial cell casts reflect damage to tubule cells in the kidney.
Which condition promotes the formation of casts in the urine?
The following factors promote the formation of casts in the kidney: Larger than normal amounts of plasma proteins entering the tubules. Decreased pH. Decreased urinary flow rate.
When do you see waxy casts?
While most textbooks highlight them as being indicative of chronic kidney disease, waxy casts are commonly seen during severe acute tubular injury, intermixed with muddy brown granular casts (Fig. 1C & Fig. 1D).
What causes uric acid crystals in urine?
Uric acid stones form when the levels of uric acid in the urine are too high, and/or the urine is too acidic on a regular basis. The formation of these types of stones can run in families. Inherited problems in how the body processes uric acid or protein in the diet can increase the acid in urine.
Are casts in urine bad?
Are hyaline casts dangerous? Hyaline casts are typically not considered a dangerous finding. Unlike hyaline casts, other types of urinary casts are generally associated with kidney disease. For instance, epithelial cell casts reflect severe damage and death of the tubule cells, which is also known as tubular necrosis.
What is the difference between hyaline casts and waxy casts?
Waxy casts are the final stage of cast degeneration (usually originating from cellular and granular casts). Compared to hyaline casts, they are readily observable because they have a smooth appearance, no internal texture, and are more refractile than the surrounding urine.
What can the presence of nitrites in a urine specimen indicate?
If bacteria enter the urinary tract, nitrates can turn into different, similarly named chemicals called nitrites. Nitrites in urine may be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). UTIs are one of the most common types of infections, especially in women.
What is a cast that maybe found in urine sediments which casts can be signs of a problem?
Fatty casts are seen in people who have lipids in urine. This is most often a complication of nephrotic syndrome. Granular casts are a sign of many types of kidney diseases. Red blood cell casts mean there is a microscopic amount of bleeding from the kidney.
What do waxy casts look like?
Waxy casts are found during microscopic examination of the urinary sediment. Like other casts, they are cylindrical structures, but they are distinctly characterized by a high refractive index. Their shape can be straight (Fig.
Are waxy casts Refractile?
How to treat dizziness caused by inner ear crystals?
Mayo Clinic Q and A: Dizziness Caused by Inner Ear Crystals. Treatment for BPPV can be done in your doctor’s office, or with an audiologist or certain physical therapists. The treatment includes a series of body movements that reposition the crystals in your inner ear, where they no longer cause symptoms.
Why do I get dizzy when I Stand Up?
Also known as orthostatic hypotension, this is the temporary dizziness that occurs as a result of a sudden drop in blood pressure with sitting up or standing up quickly. Typically there is a history of low blood pressure (average being 120 systolic /80 diastolic mm Hg).
What causes dizziness in the middle of the ear?
Many cases of dizziness are caused by problems that affect the balance mechanism in your inner ear. Examples include: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) Ear infection (middle ear) Meniere’s disease. Migraine.
Why do I get dizziness on roller coasters?
The causes of dizziness are as varied as its symptoms. It can result from something as simple as motion sickness — the queasy feeling that you get on hairpin roads and roller coasters. Or it can be caused by an inner ear disturbance, infection, reduced blood flow due to blocked arteries or heart disease, medication side effects, anxiety,…