What are the most common causes of pathologic hyperbilirubinemia in neonates?

What are the most common causes of pathologic hyperbilirubinemia in neonates?

Common risk factors for hyperbilirubinemia include fetal-maternal blood group incompatibility, prematurity, and a previously affected sibling (Table 1). 2–4 Cephalohematomas, bruising, and trauma from instrumented delivery may increase the risk for serum bilirubin elevation.

What is Kramer’s rule jaundice?

All babies should be visually assessed for jaundice at every opportunity. Kramer’s rule describes the relationship between serum bilirubin levels and the progression of skin discolouration (see Table 1 and Figure 1). Trained primary health workers may use this as a screening tool.

What is the difference between hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice?

Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition in which there is a build up of bilirubin in the blood, causing yellow discoloration of the eyes and skin, called jaundice.

What are the 2 most common types of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?

Several types of Bilirubinemia have been reported in neonates including physiological jaundice, pathological jaundice, jaundice due to breastfeeding or breast milk and hemolytic jaundice including three subtypes due to Rh factor incompatibility, ABO blood group incompatibility and Jaundice associated with Glucose-6- …

Is hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice the same?

Babies are not easily able to get rid of the bilirubin, and it can build up in the blood and other tissues and fluids of your baby’s body. This is called hyperbilirubinemia. Because bilirubin has a pigment or coloring, it causes a yellowing of your baby’s skin and tissues. This is called jaundice.

What puts baby at risk for hyperbilirubinemia?

Breast-feeding. Breast-fed babies, particularly those who have difficulty nursing or getting enough nutrition from breast-feeding, are at higher risk of jaundice. Dehydration or a low caloric intake may contribute to the onset of jaundice.

What is Kramer’s scale?

The progression of yellow discolouration of the skin from the head to the feet or cephalocaudal progression was done by using Kramer’s scale. The scale consists of 5 specific ‘dermal zones’ 1) head and neck, 2) upper trunk, 3) lower trunk and thighs, 4)arms & lower legs , 5) palms & soles.

How do you treat neonatal jaundice?

For moderate or severe jaundice, your baby may need to stay longer in the newborn nursery or be readmitted to the hospital….Treatments to lower the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood may include:

1. Enhanced nutrition.
2. Light therapy (phototherapy).
3. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg).
4. Exchange transfusion.

Is kernicterus fatal?

Kernicterus can be fatal; all survivors suffer permanent neurological deficit of variable effect and severity. Timely phototherapy guided by serum bilirubin monitoring prevents kernicterus so that it is a rare condition – but just how rare?

What drug causes kernicterus?

Kernicterus and sulfonamides Certain drugs — particularly antibiotics — have also been linked to kernicterus. Sulfonamides (also called sulfa drugs) are a group of antibiotics that kill bacteria. One common antibiotic combines the sulfonamide sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) to treat bacterial infections.

¿Cuáles son las causas de la leucopenia?

¿Cuáles son las causas de la leucopenia? Medicamentos. La utilización de medicinas para tratar el cáncer (quimioterapia) es la causa más frecuente de neutropenia. Algunos antibióticos, antiepilépticos, antipsicóticos, anti-inflamatorios, fármacos cardiovasculares y otras medicinas, pueden bajar también los neutrófilos.

¿Qué es la bilirrubina en el niño desnudo?

La bilirrubina es visible con niveles séricos superiores a4-5 mg/dL. Es necesario evaluar la ictericia neonatal conel niño completamente desnudo y en un ambiente bieniluminado, es difícil reconocerla en neonatos de pieloscura, por lo que se recomienda presionar la superficiecutánea.

¿Qué es la encefalopatía bilirrubínica y toxicidad crónica?

La encefalopatía bilirrubínica o toxicidad aguda y el kernicterus o toxicidad crónica se usan actualmente en forma intercambiable y se deben a la deposición de bilirrubina no conjugada en el cerebro.

¿Cómo evaluar la bilirrubina sérica?

Sin embargo, la ictericia no es un método fiable para evaluar la bilirrubina sérica ó identificar a los RN con riesgo. Para su evaluación es importante tener una adecuada iluminación. Presionar brevemente la piel ó mucosas ayuda a identificarla con más facilidad. Manifestaciones Neurológicas en hiperbilirrubinemia severa