What virus requires a coinfection with another virus in order to be pathogenic?
A globally common coinfection involves tuberculosis and HIV. In some countries, up to 80% of tuberculosis patients are also HIV-positive. The potential for dynamics of these two infectious diseases to be linked has been known for decades….
| Coinfection | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
What family does HDV belong to?
HDV is the only virus in the genus, Deltaviridae. HDV is not classified into a viral family because it is a unique virus dependent on HBV. HDV is a co-infection of HBV. The envelope of HDV particles contains the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
What is HDV and HBV?
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a virus that requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) affects globally nearly 5% of people who have a chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Why is HDV dependent on HBV?
Four hepatitis viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV, and HEV) can infect humans independently, but HDV cannot. HDV either coinfects or superinfects with HBV because it requires the support of HBV to complete its life cycle. Therefore, HDV is known as a defective virus, or a satellite virus of HBV[3-5].
What is the difference between coinfection and superinfection?
HBV/HDV coinfection occurs when a person simultaneously becomes infected with both HBV and HDV, whereas HDV superinfection occurs when a person who is already chronically infected with HBV acquires HDV.
How does coinfection happen?
Coinfection occurs when a person acquires two different viral strains simultaneously or when a chronically HIV-infected individual is reinfected with HIV-1, a phenomenon also known as superinfection.
What is the significance of hepatitis D superinfection?
HDV superinfection accelerates the progression of chronic HBV in 70%–90% of people, regardless of age (2). Although HDV suppresses the replication of HBV, cirrhosis occurs up to a decade earlier in HDV-superinfected persons compared with those infected with HBV alone (2).
What is the pathogenesis of HDV infection?
The pathogenesis of HDV mainly involves interferon-α signaling inhibition, HDV-specific T-lymphocyte activation and cytokine responses, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nuclear factor kappa B signaling.
What is HDV superinfection?
How did I get hepatitis D?
Hepatitis D is spread when blood or other body fluids from a person infected with the virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. Hepatitis D can be an acute, short-term infection or become a long-term, chronic infection.
What is the relationship between hepatitis B and D?
Hepatitis B is a life-threatening liver infection that is caused by the hepatitis B virus, whereas, hepatitis D infection only occurs in people who are infected with the hepatitis B virus. It replicates autonomously within hepatocytes, but requires hepatitis B surface antigen for proliferation.
What is a coinfection?
Co-infection is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species, for instance multi-parasite infections. Co-infection also occurs as simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more virus particles, which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by superinfection.
What’s the difference between HBV and HDV coinfection?
What is the difference between HBV/HDV coinfection and HDV superinfection? HBV/HDV coinfection occurs when a person simultaneously becomes infected with both HBV and HDV, whereas HDV superinfection occurs when a person who is already chronically infected with HBV acquires HDV.
How does HDV superinfection affect the progression of HBV?
HDV superinfection accelerates the progression of chronic HBV in 70%–90% of people, regardless of age ( 2 ). Although HDV suppresses the replication of HBV, cirrhosis occurs up to a decade earlier in HDV-superinfected persons compared with those infected with HBV alone ( 2 ).
What’s the difference between superinfection and co-infection?
There are two important terms to describe its dependence on HBV. Co-infection is when HDV infects a person at the same time as HBV. Superinfection is when HDV infects a person who is a chronic carrier of HBV. Ask a Doctor Online Now! The difference does have some clinical importance. Co-infection causes acute hepatitis B+D .
Is there a cure for HDV in humans?
No treatment is available for HDV infection specifically. Pegylated interferon alpha has shown some efficacy, but the sustained virologic response rate (a measure of viral clearance) is low (25%) ( 12 ). New therapies are being evaluated ( 12 ). In cases of fulminant hepatitis and end-stage liver disease, liver transplantation may be considered.