How do type I interferons work?
a | Infected cells of the vertebrate body produce type I interferons (IFNs) in response to viral infection and/or contact with viral products. Feedback of type I IFNs onto infected and bystander cells leads to the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which function to block the viral replication cycle.
What are the three key mechanisms of actions of the type 1 interferons?
In the context of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (left-hand side), type I interferons are probably pathogenic by the following mechanisms: (1) augmenting humoral responses and production of complement-fixing pathogenic antibodies (induce generation of T follicular helper cells (Tfh), stimulate formation of germinal …
What is the primary source of Type 1 interferon?
Type I interferons—IFN-α and IFN-β—are derived from monocytes, macrophages, B lymphocytes, and NK cells. However, the most important source of IFN-α is the plasmacytoid DC (pDC), typically reflecting their activation by viral RNA through TLR7 or by immunostimulatory bacterial DNA through TLR9.
What does type 1 interferon do?
Within the immunological milieu, Type I interferons (IFN-I) play a central role in driving an antiviral state in non-immune cells as well as orchestrating antiviral immune responses through: (i) inhibiting viral replication in infected cells in the innate stage of the immune response; (ii) activating and enhancing …
What do type 1 interferons do?
What is the role of type 1 interferons?
What is the function of type 1 interferon?
How do you increase interferon type 1?
Hence, ingestion of spirulina or of spirulina extracts enriched in PCB may have potential for boosting type 1 interferon response in the context of RNA virus infection. Oral administration of a cold-water spirulina extract rich in phycocyanin has been found to decrease mortality in influenza-infected mice.
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 interferons?
Expression of type I and III IFNs can be induced in virtually all cell types upon recognition of viral components, especially nucleic acids, by cytoplasmic and endosomal receptors, whereas type II interferon is induced by cytokines such as IL-12, and its expression is restricted to immune cells such as T cells and NK …
What is the role of Type I interferons?
Type I interferons (IFN-I) have long been heralded as key contributors to effective antiviral responses. More widely understood in the context of acute viral infection, the role of this pleiotropic cytokine has been characterized as triggering antiviral states in cells and potentiating adaptive immune responses.
How is interferon type 1 implicated in lupus?
Dimitrios T. Boumpas, in Kelley’s Textbook of Rheumatology (Ninth Edition), 2013 Type I interferon (IFN-α) has been implicated in lupus pathogenesis through breakdown of immune tolerance.
What are the subunits of the IFNAR interferon?
IFNAR is composed of two subunits—IFNAR1 and IFNAR2—which when bound to type I IFN are endocytosed and activate their associated tyrosine kinases, Tyk2 and Jak1 (4, 9). The classical signaling cascade results in phosphorylation of STAT2 and STAT1, which forms a complex with IRF9, known as the IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) (4).
What kind of interferon is used for multiple sclerosis?
Two types of IFN-β have been described, IFN-β1 ( IFNB1) and IFN-β3 ( IFNB3) (a gene designated IFN-β2 is actually IL-6 ). IFN-β1 is used as a treatment for multiple sclerosis as it reduces the relapse rate.