What is a latent gene regulatory protein?
Latent gene regulatory proteins are activated at the cell surface by activated receptors and then migrate to the nucleus to stimulate gene transcription.
What are the 4 types of cell signaling?
There are four basic categories of chemical signaling found in multicellular organisms: paracrine signaling, autocrine signaling, endocrine signaling, and signaling by direct contact.
What effects do paracrine signals have?
Paracrine signaling allows cells to locally coordinate activities with their neighbors. Although they’re used in many different tissues and contexts, paracrine signals are especially important during development, when they allow one group of cells to tell a neighboring group of cells what cellular identity to take on.
What is Juxtacrine communication?
In biology, juxtacrine signalling (or contact-dependent signalling) is a type of cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix signalling in multicellular organisms that requires close contact. A communicating junction links the intracellular compartments of two adjacent cells, allowing transit of relatively small molecules.
Is Notch is a latent gene regulatory protein?
Notch receptors are activated by cleavage when Delta (or a related ligand) on another cell binds to them; the cleaved cytosolic tail of Notch migrates into the nucleus, where it stimulates gene transcription. Signaling through the latent gene regulatory protein NF-κ B also depends on proteolysis.
How do cells terminate signals?
Termination of the Signal Cascade Ligand binding to the receptor allows for signal transduction through the cell. One method of terminating or stopping a specific signal is to degrade or remove the ligand so that it can no longer access its receptor.
How do proteins affect cellular activity?
Cells have proteins called receptors that bind to signaling molecules and initiate a physiological response. Because membrane receptors interact with both extracellular signals and molecules within the cell, they permit signaling molecules to affect cell function without actually entering the cell.
What are the three proteins associated with the membrane in a hormone receptor?
These receptor systems consist of three major components: the ligand, the transmembrane receptor, and the G protein.
Which of the following statements about the effect of epinephrine in an animal is true?
Which of the following statements about the effect of epinephrine in an animal is true? Epinephrine causes a state of alert by affecting different cells in the body causing very different cellular responses in them. In endocrine signaling, cells release signals that travel in which of the following ways?
What is the difference between autocrine and paracrine?
The main difference between autocrine and paracrine is that the autocrine factors act on the cells which produce them whereas the paracrine factors act on the cells that are in close proximity to the cells that produce them.
What are juxtacrine factors?
In juxtacrine interactions, proteins from the inducing cell interact with receptor proteins of adjacent responding cells. The inducer does not diffuse from the cell producing it. There are three types of juxtacrine interactions. In the first type, a protein on one cell binds to its receptor on the adjacent cell.
What is autocrine and Juxtacrine Signalling?
An autocrine signal is one that binds to receptors on the surface of the cell that produces it. Juxtacrine signaling involves contact between cells, in which a ligand on one cell surface binds to a receptor on the other.
What are the functions of latent proteins in EBV?
The EBV latent proteins have distinct functions associated with the maintenance of EBV infection and the control of various signalling and transcriptional pathways that facilitate the proliferation and survival of infected cells.
Which is a precursor protein to the gag gene?
The gag gene gives rise to the 55-kilodalton (kD) Gag precursor protein, also called p55, which is expressed from the unspliced viral mRNA. During translation, the N terminus of p55 is myristoylated, ( 3) triggering its association with the cytoplasmic aspect of cell membranes.
How is the expression of HIV genes regulated?
HIV gene expression is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The HIV genes can be divided into the early genes and the late genes.(68,69) The early genes, tat, rev, and nef, are expressed in a Rev-independent manner.