What is in the outer nuclear layer of the retina?
The outer nuclear layer (ONL) of the retina contains the nuclei of the cone and rod photoreceptors1. Loss of the cellular machinery found in these nuclei causes irreparable loss of the photoreceptors and the capacity for visual function.
What is the outermost layer of the retina?
The center of the macula is called the fovea. The inner surface of the retina is adjacent to the vitreous of the eye. The outermost layer of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium, is tightly attached to the choroid.
What is the function of the outer plexiform layer?
Two important synaptic interactions that occur at the outer plexiform layer are: the splitting of the visual signal into two separate channels of information flow, one for detecting objects lighter than background and one for detecting objects darker that background.
What does the outer nuclear layer contain?
The outer nuclear layer contains the cell bodies of the photoreceptor cells. These cells extend a process toward the outer plexiform layer, where they form the characteristic synaptic terminals of rods (spherules) and cones (pedicles).
What are the 10 layers of the retina?
Broadly there are ten layers in Retina: 1.
- Retinal pigment epithelium 2.
- Layer of Rods & Cones 3.
- External limiting membrane 4.
- Outer nuclear layer 5.
- Outer plexiform layer 6.
- Inner nuclear layer 7.
- Inner plexiform layer 8.
- Ganglion cell layer 9.
What are the three levels of cells in the retina in order?
The retina is organized into three primary layers, the photoreceptive layer, the bipolar cell layer, and the ganglion cell layer. The first layer, or photoreceptive layer, is made up of rods and cones.
What are the three layers of retina?
The retina is organized into three primary layers, the photoreceptive layer, the bipolar cell layer, and the ganglion cell layer.
What is the outer plexiform layer?
The outer plexiform layer (OPL; also outer synaptic layer) has a wide external band composed of inner fibers of rods and cones and a narrower inner band consisting of synapses between photoreceptor cells and cells from the inner nuclear layer.
What are the retinal layers?
The layers from the closest to the front anterior of the head towards the posterior of the head are as follows:
- Inner limiting membrane.
- Nerve fiber layer (NFL)
- Ganglion cell layer.
- Inner plexiform layer.
- Inner nuclear layer.
- Middle limiting membrane.
- Outer plexiform layer.
- Outer nuclear layer.
What is retinal pigment epithelium?
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a single layer of post-mitotic cells, which functions both as a selective barrier to and a vegetative regulator of the overlying photoreceptor layer, thereby playing a key role in its maintenance.
How many layers are in retina?
ten different layers
The retina itself consists of six different cell lines divided into ten different layers, each playing a specific role in creating and transmitting vision. The different cell types perform a particular role and form functional circuits that specialize in detecting specific variations and movements of light.
What are the parts of retina?
What makes up the outer plexiform layer of the retina?
The outer plexiform layer contains synapses among and between retinal photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells. Contacts between a single cone pedicle or rod spherule, a centrally placed postsynaptic bipolar cell process, and two laterally placed horizontal cell processes form a triad.
What makes up the outer plexiform layer OPL?
Outer Plexiform Layer The outer plexiform layer (OPL; also outer synaptic layer) has a wide external band composed of inner fibers of rods and cones and a narrower inner band consisting of synapses between photoreceptor cells and cells from the inner nuclear layer.
What are the cells in the inner plexiform layer?
The inner plexiform layer contains synaptic contacts among and between bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. In this layer, “off” and “on” bipolar cells terminate, making synaptic contact with the corresponding type ganglion cell. Amacrine cells also synapse with ganglion cells, other amacrine cells, and bipolar cells.
Why is the inner nuclear layer thicker in the retina?
The inner nuclear layer (INL) is thicker in the central area of the retina compared with peripheral retina, due to a greater density of cone-connecting second-order neurons (cone bipolar cells) and smaller-field and more closely-spaced horizontal cells and amacrine cells concerned with the cone pathways (Fig. 9).