What is a fetomaternal hemorrhage?
Fetomaternal hemorrhage refers to the entry of fetal blood into the maternal circulation before or during delivery. Antenatal fetomaternal hemorrhage is a pathological condition with a wide spectrum of clinical variation.
What causes fetomaternal hemorrhage?
Fetomaternal hemorrhage is caused by a disruption of the normal barrier at the placental-decidual interface.
What is spontaneous fetomaternal hemorrhage?
Spontaneous fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) is defined as fetomaternal bleeding with no antecedent history of trauma and no clinical/histopathological evidence of abruption. The vast majority of spontaneous FMHs are small volume bleeds of no hemodynamic significance, but they may lead to alloimmunization.
How is fetomaternal hemorrhage calculated?
Or can be simplified to: percentage fetal cells x 1800 x 1.22 e.g. where 0.5% of the red cells are fetal, the FMH will be calculated as 0.5 x 18 x 1.22 = 10.98mL packed fetal red cells.
How common is Fetomaternal hemorrhage?
It seems that nearly all pregnancies result in some fetal red cells crossing into maternal circulation. Zipursky et al, estimated the incidence of FMH at 21 to 75% of pregnancies. Another author reported 15 to 31% of pregnancies with some degree of FMH, but only 1.5 to 6% with bleed volume >0.1 mL.
When does Fetomaternal hemorrhage occur?
Background. Fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) is defined by the transfer of fetal blood into the maternal circulation during pregnancy. It occurs in the majority of pregnancies, usually without any maternal or fetal risk factors or consequences [1].
What does APH mean in pregnancy?
Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) is defined as bleeding from or in to the genital tract, occurring from 24+0 weeks of pregnancy and prior to the birth of the baby. The most important causes of APH are placenta praevia and placental abruption, although these are not the most common.
What is a positive KB test?
What is a positive Kleihauer-Betke test? A positive KB test means there is fetal blood in the maternal circulation. The sensitivity of the KB test is 5 mL, meaning a fetomaternal hemorrhage of less than 5 mL between the fetus and the pregnant individual’s circulation may not be detected with this method.
What can be done for placental insufficiency?
There is no available effective treatment for placental insufficiency, but treating any other conditions that may be present, such as diabetes or high blood pressure may help the growing baby. Once your doctor has diagnosed placental insufficiency, they may monitor you for hypertension.