What is the agent of Norovirus?
Norovirus is the most common etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis and is often responsible for outbreaks in a wide spectrum of community and healthcare settings. These single-stranded RNA viruses belong to the family Caliciviridae, which also includes the genera Sapovirus, Lagovirus, and Vesivirus.
Why are non Secretors less likely to norovirus?
The so-called non-secretors, having an inactivated FUT2 enzyme, do not express blood group antigens and are resistant to several norovirus genotypes, including the predominant GII.
Is norovirus a virus bacteria or fungi?
What are noroviruses? Noroviruses are a group of viruses that cause gastroenteritis (GAS-tro-en-ter-I-tis) in people. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines.
Can norovirus infect bacteria?
The commensal bacteria of the gastrointestinal microbiome can modulate norovirus infection. Recent findings indicate that norovirus and commensal bacteria stimulate overlapping host immune pathways, and furthermore, that certain bacteria are required to mediate some of the pathologic effects of norovirus infection.
What blood type is immune to norovirus?
In this study, individuals with type O phenotype were found to be most susceptible to Norovirus infection. Individuals who express type B antigen (B and AB phenotypes) were at decreased risk of infection.
What’s another name for norovirus?
Norovirus—the stomach bug Norovirus illness is often called by other names, such as food poisoning and stomach flu. Noroviruses can cause food poisoning, as can other germs and chemicals. Norovirus illness is not related to the flu (influenza).
What is the function of fucosyltransferase 2 ( FUT2 )?
The lack of alpha1,2fucosylated carbohydrate motifs in the gut surface mucosa is thus associated with resistance to symptomatic infection and virus attachment to such motifs is essential to the infection process. Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2), the main synthetic enzyme of Globo H, was also increased in HCC cells overexpressing HBV X protein (HBX).
Which is an example of a fucosyltransferase gene mutation?
Norovirus infection is a unique example where a single nucleotide mutation in a fucosyltransferase gene plays a crucial role in susceptibility to one of the most common viral diseases. FUT2 is an important genetic factor influencing microbial diversity in the colonic mucosa.
What is the your 0 of norovirus transmission?
Several transmission modeling studies in different settings have estimated R 0 and R e of norovirus, but a large variation in these estimates occurs and R 0 ranges from 1.1–7.2 ( 10 ).
Where does the G428A nonsense mutation in FUT2 occur?
The G428A nonsense mutation in FUT2 provides strong but not absolute protection against symptomatic GII.4 Norovirus infection. A gene region immediately upstream the transcription start site of FUT2 which has undergone non-neutral evolution independently from the coding region.