What is hard and soft exudates?
Soft exudates, or CWS, usually have a somewhat fluffy border that is perpendicular to the course of the nerve fibers in the nerve fiber layer, and a fairly abrupt edge that is parallel to the nerve fibers. Also, CWS are more whitish. Hard exudate, or lipid, is yellowish and granular in appearance.
What are exudates in the eye?
The fluid is made of cells, proteins, and solid materials. Exudate may ooze from cuts or from areas of infection or inflammation. It is also called pus. In people who have an eye disease called diabetic retinopathy, exudates form in the retina of the eye.
What are hard exudates?
The hard exudates are composed of lipid and proteinaceous material, such as fibrinogen and albumin that leak from the impaired blood–retinal barrier. They are deposited primarily in the outer plexiform layer of the retina. 1-3. With optical coherence tomography (OCT), hard exudates are observed as hyperreflective foci.
What are the types of diabetic retinopathy?
The four stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) are mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
What are soft exudates in diabetic retinopathy?
A cotton-wool spot, or soft exudate, is a yellow-white lesion in the superficial retina that usually occupies an area less than one fourth that of the optic disc (Fig. 69-19). A cotton-wool spot can occur singly or in conjunction with many others (Fig. 69-20).
What’s the difference between exudates and drusen?
Exudates are caused by leaking fatty deposits from blood vessels and appear in compact groups, whereas drusen are believed to be a result of a reduced capacity of the retina to cleanse waste products from the photoreceptors and can appear over the whole retina.
What are the two types of diabetic retinopathy?
There are two types of diabetic retinopathy:
- Early diabetic retinopathy. In this more common form — called nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) — new blood vessels aren’t growing (proliferating).
- Advanced diabetic retinopathy.
WHO classified the three types of diabetic retinopathy?
Three-class (normal, NPDR and PDR) classification: Three classes were classified using HEM and MA, hard exudates, and CWS [163]. This method was accurate in classifying the mild, moderate, and severe NPDR stages with an accuracy of 82.6%, 82.6%, and 88.3% respectively. Nayak et al.
What’s the difference between cotton wool spots and exudates?
Cotton-wool spots are often referred to using the misnomer “soft exudates” and are described as slightly elevated, small, yellow-white or gray-white, cloud-like, linear or serpentine lesions with fimbriated borders in the superficial retina (Fig. 51.13).
What are dot and blot hemorrhages in diabetic retinopathy?
the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy reported that background diabetic retinopathy (microaneurysms and haemorrhages) was present in nearly all subjects with type 1 diabetes of 20 years’ duration,and
What causes retinal hemorrhage?
A retinal hemorrhage can be caused by several medical conditions such as hypertension, retinal vein occlusion (a blockage of a retinal vein), anemia, leukemia or diabetes.
What is diabetic retinopathy symptoms?
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that causes damage to the blood vessels in the retina. Symptoms include blurriness, floaters, and dark areas in vision.