What is the pharmacokinetics of insulin?
The pharmacokinetics of insulin comprise the absorption process, the distribution including binding to circulating insulin antibodies, if present, and to insulin receptors, and its ultimate degradation and excretion. The distribution and metabolism of absorbed insulin follow that of endogenous insulin.
How insulin is metabolized?
At a cellular level in most tissues, insulin degradation is initiated by the hormone binding to specific receptors. The hormone-receptor complex is processed, including internalization and degradation of at least some of the hormone-receptor complexes.
What are the contraindications of insulin?
Contraindications / Precautions
- Diarrhea, fever, infection, surgery, thyroid disease, trauma, vomiting.
- Hepatic disease, renal failure, renal impairment.
- Intramuscular administration, intravenous administration.
- Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) administration.
- Hypoglycemia.
- Hypokalemia.
- Cresol hypersensitivity.
What is the mechanism of action of regular insulin?
Regular insulin is a short acting form of the synthetic hormone. It helps move glucose from the blood into the body’s cells. The cells then use this sugar for energy. Regular insulin typically starts to work within 30 minutes to 1 hour of an injection.
Why is Lantus given at night?
Lantus is designed to give a steady level of insulin over 24 hours, even when you are not eating such as between meals and overnight. This helps keep blood glucose levels consistent during the day and at night.
How is Lantus metabolized?
Insulin glargine is metabolized in the liver into two active metabolites with similar activity to insulin: 21a-Gly-human insulin (M1) and 21a-Gly-des-30b- threonine insulin (M2), with M1 being the predominant metabolite.
Where is insulin metabolized and excreted?
The kidney is the major site of insulin clearance from the systemic circulation (42), removing approximately 50% of peripheral insulin. In addition, the kidney removes 50% of circulating proinsulin and 70% of c-peptide by glomerular filtration (43). Insulin analogs are also cleared by kidney (44).
Is insulin catabolic or anabolic?
Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle and fat tissue through the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway.
What are the side effect of insulin?
Common side effects include:
- initial weight gain as the cells start to take in glucose.
- blood sugar that drops too low , or hypoglycemia.
- rashes, bumps, or swelling at an injection site.
- anxiety or depression.
- a cough when taking inhaled insulin.
What is long acting insulin?
Long-acting, or basal insulin, is a type of insulin that gives you a slow steady release of insulin that helps control your blood sugar between meals, and overnight. Common long-acting insulins include Lantus, Basaglar, and Levemir.
Is lantus a human insulin?
Lantus is a long-acting human insulin analog indicated to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
How does PK / PD affect insulin analogs?
The PK/PD profiles for insulin analogs may be influenced by many variables including age, weight, and hepatic and renal function. However, these variables do not have equivalent effects on all long-acting or rapid-acting insulin analogs. Conclusion
What are the names of the insulin analogs?
Modifications of the insulin molecule have resulted in two long-acting insulin analogs (glargine and detemir) and three rapid-acting insulins (aspart, lispro, and glulisine) with improved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profiles.
How does exercise affect the absorption of insulin?
Exercise. Any factor that alters blood flow is also likely to alter insulin absorption, with greater blood flow being associated with more rapid insulin absorption. Conditions that modify local blood flow include exercise, massage, bathing in warm water, and the use of vasodilating or vasoconstricting drugs.