How is ATP synthesized in the chloroplast?
During photosynthesis in plants, ATP is synthesized by ATP synthase using a proton gradient created in the thylakoid lumen through the thylakoid membrane and into the chloroplast stroma. An F-ATPase consists of two main subunits, FO and F1, which has a rotational motor mechanism allowing for ATP production.
Where does ATP synthesis occur in chloroplasts?
thylakoid membrane
The chloroplast adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase is located in the thylakoid membrane and synthesizes ATP from adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate at the expense of the electrochemical proton gradient formed by light-dependent electron flow.
What membrane is involved in ATP synthesis in chloroplasts?
In eukaryotes, the ATP synthase complex is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, with ATP synthesis reaction occurring on the membrane side toward matrix compartment. In plants, the enzyme is in addition localized in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the ATP-forming-moiety facing the stroma.
How are chloroplasts synthesized?
In the photosynthetic cells of leaves, for example, proplastids develop into chloroplasts (Figure 10.18). During this process, the thylakoid membrane is formed by vesicles budding from the inner membrane of the plastid envelope and the various components of the photosynthetic apparatus are synthesized and assembled.
What is ATP synthesis mechanism?
ATP is synthesized by the enzyme F1F0-ATP synthase. This enzyme, the smallest-known molecular machine, couples proton translocation through its membrane-embedded, hydrophobic domain, F0, to the synthesis of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in its soluble, hydrophilic headpiece, F1.
How is ATP produced in chloroplasts quizlet?
In chloroplasts, ATP is produced as a result of harvesting energy from light. In chloroplasts, the ATP is used in the fixation of CO2 into sugars. Membrane bound mechanisms – ATP synthase is found in the mitochondrial inner membrane, the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane of eubacteria.
What does the outer membrane do in the chloroplast?
What Is the Function of Chloroplast Membranes? Like mitochondria, chloroplasts are surrounded by two membranes. The outer membrane is permeable to small organic molecules, whereas the inner membrane is less permeable and studded with transport proteins.
Which process drives most of the ATP synthesis in a chloroplast?
Majority of ATP is produced by OXIDATION PHOSPHORYLATION. The generation of ATP by oxidation phosphorylation differs from the way ATP is produced during glycolysis.
How ATP and NADPH are synthesized in chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria produces both ATP and NADPH directly by a two-step process called noncyclic photophosphorylation. Because two photosystems—called photosystems I and II—are used in series to energize an electron, the electron can be transferred all the way from water to NADPH.
What are the three mechanisms of ATP synthesis?
In general, the main energy source for cellular metabolism is glucose, which is catabolized in the three subsequent processes—glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle), and finally oxidative phosphorylation—to produce ATP.
What are the two mechanisms by which ATP can be synthesized in the cell?
The two ATP-producing processes can be viewed as glycolysis (the anaerobic part) followed by aerobic respiration (the oxygen-requiring part).
How is ATP formed during chemiosmosis?
Chemiosmosis: In oxidative phosphorylation, the hydrogen ion gradient formed by the electron transport chain is used by ATP synthase to form ATP. The turning of this molecular machine harnesses the potential energy stored in the hydrogen ion gradient to add a phosphate to ADP, forming ATP.
How is ATP made in the plasma membrane?
The ATP used by the plasma membrane ATPase is synthesized by photophosphorylation in the chloroplast and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondrion. Here we are concerned with chemiosmosis and transmembrane proton concentration differences used to make ATP in the chloroplast.
How is ATP synthesized in the mitochondrial matrix?
It synthesizes ATP from ADP in the mitochondrial matrix using the energy provided by the proton electrochemical gradient (Capaldi et al. 1994; Nijtmans et al. 1995; Zeviani and Di Donato 2004).
What is the function of the ATP synthase?
The function of ATP synthase is to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the F1sector. This is possible due to energy derived from a gradient of protons which cross the inner mitochondrial membrane from the intermembrane space into the matrix through the Foportion of the enzyme.
How are ATPases used in chemiosmosis and ion transport?
In Chapter 6 we discussed the role of ATPases in chemiosmosis and ion transport at the cell’s plasma membrane. The ATP used by the plasma membrane ATPase is synthesized by photophosphorylation in the chloroplast and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondrion.