What does Heterophile antibody detected mean?
A positive test indicates the presence of heterophile antibodies. This result, alongside a patient’s symptoms, are used to make a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. A negative test may indicate that a patient does not have infectious mononucleosis.
Does Elisa test for secondary antibodies?
The indirect detection method uses a labeled secondary antibody or a biotin-streptavidin complex for amplification and is the most popular format for ELISA. The secondary antibody has specificity for the primary antibody.
What are the three heterophile antibodies?
EBV infection induces the production of several antibody classes, of which heterophile antibodies are one (others include anti-i, rheumatoid factor and ANA). Heterophile antibodies are IgM antibodies with affinity for sheep and horse red blood cells.
What antibodies are used in Elisa?
Primary Antibodies for ELISA Either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies can be used as the capture and detection antibodies in sandwich ELISA and other ELISA systems.
What is Heterophile negative?
Normal Results. A negative test means there were no heterophile antibodies detected. Most of the time this means you do not have infectious mononucleosis. Sometimes, the test may be negative because it was done too soon (within 1 to 2 weeks) after the illness started.
Why ELISA is preferred over Ria?
ELISA has a number of benefits compared to the other immunoassay techniques. It is often preferred because it has high sensitivity and specificity. ELISA also offers more accuracy compared to other techniques such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) tests. ELISA assays are usually in 96 well microplate format.
How many antibodies are used in ELISA?
two antibodies
Indirect ELISA requires two antibodies, a primary detection antibody that sticks to the protein of interest and a secondary enzyme-linked antibody complementary to the primary antibody.
What causes heterophile antibody?
Heterophilic antibodies may arise in a patient in response to exposure to certain animals or animal products or due to infection by bacterial or viral agents, or non-specifically.
Why are two antibodies used in ELISA?
It is important that matched antibody pairs are tested specifically in sandwich ELISA to ensure that they detect different epitopes, to achieve accurate results. The capture antibody, as its name implies, binds the antigen that can then be detected in a direct ELISA or in an indirect ELISA configuration.
How are antibodies that are used in ELISA made?
How Are Antibodies Made (Primary Antibody)? When animals are exposed to antigens, they generate an immune response and produce antibodies (proteins) that recognize and bind tightly to the specific antigens.
Can a heterophile antibody interfere with an immunoassay?
However, other anti-animal antibodies in humans have also been described that can interfere with an immunoassay. If a patient is exposed to animals or animal products, or suffers from an autoimmune disease, the patient may have heterophilic antibodies in circulation.
What does serial dilution do to a heterophile antibody?
If serial dilution produces a non-linear result, it indicates interference in the assay. Interference from heterophilic antibodies may also be blocked by adding any commercially available heterophilic antibody blocking agent in the specimen prior to analysis.
How are EBV induced heterophile antibodies different from naturally occurring antibodies?
EBV-induced heterophile antibodies have no reactivity against guinea pig kidney cells in contrast to naturally occurring antibodies (Forssman antibodies) or antibodies present in patients with serum sickness and other conditions.
Which is the most common heterophilic antibody in humans?
Heterophilic antibodies may arise in a patient in response to exposure to certain animals or animal products or due to infection by bacterial or viral agents, or non-specifically. Among heterophilic antibodies, the most common are human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA) because of wide use of murine monoclonal antibody products in therapy or imaging.