What is the meaning of depyrogenation?
Depyrogenation refers to the removal of pyrogens from solution, most commonly from injectable pharmaceuticals. A pyrogen is defined as any substance that can cause a fever. A pyrogen can either be an endotoxin or an exotoxin, although most pyrogens are endogenous.
Why is depyrogenation is so difficult?
Pyrogen removal (depyrogenation) Pyrogens can often be difficult to remove from solution due to the high variability of their molecular weight. However, polymyxin B is known to induce production of interleukin-1, an exogenous pyrogen, and thus must be shown to be absent in the final product if used.
What is the purpose of depyrogenation?
Depyrogenation is mainly used in the sterilization of vials for aseptic filling. The process is also useful to sterilize assembled and packaged materials, since heat conduction does not require the contact of the product with steam or water.
What is the meaning of democracy in America?
Democracy in the United States. The United States is a representative democracy. This means that our government is elected by citizens. Here, citizens vote for their government officials. These officials represent the citizens’ ideas and concerns in government.
What is difference between depyrogenation and sterilization?
Depyrogenation refers to removing pyrogen from a solution or pharmaceutical vials. Sterilization is used in the food manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries to destroy microorganisms that contaminate the injectables.
What are methods for depyrogenation?
The main method of depyrogenation is dry heat (sterilization)….Lesson Summary
- Ionizing radiation.
- The use of binding agents.
- Ultrafiltration.
- Ion exchange.
- Oxidation via hydrogen peroxide.
- Caustic agents like sodium hydroxide.
- Chemical deactivation via acid-base hydrolysis.
What is the difference between sterilization and depyrogenation?
Sterilization is used in the food manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries to destroy microorganisms that contaminate the injectables. Depyrogenation is widely used in the pharmaceutical field and that is basically to clean articles that come into direct contact with people or animals.
How does depyrogenation tunnel work?
erilization and depyrogenation tunnel utilizes hot air to assure complete sterilization of pharmaceutical vials. The tunnel packs glass vials onto a stainless steel mesh belt and conveys the vials through preheat, hot and cool zones. In each zone the vials are subject to HEPA filtered air to prepare them for filling.
What is importance of pyrogen test?
Pyrogen test is performed to check the presence or absence of pyrogens in all aqueous parenterals. Rabbits are used to perform the test because their body temperature increases when pyrogen is introduced by the parenteral route. For this test, three healthy rabbits are selected each weighing at least 1.5 kg.
What is Depyrogenation tunnel?
Depyrogenation tunnels are used in pharmaceutical filling lines to sterilize glass containers before they are aseptically filled. These tunnels use unidirectional hot air at temperatures up to 600° F (350° C) and can be used to sterilize and depyrogenate glass vials, ampoules, and cartridges.
What do you mean by depyrogenation in medical terms?
Depyrogenation refers to the process of removing a pyrogen from a substance, container, or instrument such as surgical instruments, or a pharmaceutical container or preparation. This is most often said with respect to devices, instruments, containers, or substances that may be placed into a person’s body or those…
What was the original meaning of the word democracy?
Democracy has had diverse meanings. Indeed, the meaning of ‘people’ is itself socially determined. In ancient Athens, where the idea of democracy arguably was born, the word ‘demos’ originally meant district or land, and significant social groups were excluded from political participation, notably women, slaves and foreigners.
What are the different types of Democracies?
Types of democracies are classified according to various distinguishing features, including constitutional democracy, democratic socialism, Jeffersonian democracy, liberal democracy, parliamentary democracy, or presidential democracy, to name a few.
What kind of democracy is a delegative democracy?
Delegative democracy is basically a kind of procedural democracy whereby an all-powerful head of state is elected, but without the types of checks and balances that could prevent that head from exercising power in the way he/she sees fit between the elections.