What is silver wiring on Fundoscopy?
A term referring to the fundoscopic appearance of blood vessels in grade III-IV arteriosclerotic retinopathy, in which the arterial wall becomes so completely opaque that the blood column is not seen and the central light reflex occupies all of the width of the arteriole.
What is silver wiring in hypertensive retinopathy?
Chronic hypertensive retinopathy is recognized by permanent arterial narrowing, arteriovenous crossing abnormalities (arteriovenous nicking), arteriosclerosis with moderate vascular wall changes (copper wiring), or more severe vascular wall hyperplasia and thickening (silver wiring).
What causes silver wiring in the eye?
Chronic, poorly controlled hypertension causes the following: Permanent arterial narrowing. Arteriovenous crossing abnormalities (arteriovenous nicking) Arteriosclerosis with moderate vascular wall changes (copper wiring) to more severe vascular wall hyperplasia and thickening (silver wiring)
Is AV nicking serious?
Arteriovenous nicking is a major predisposing factor to the development of a branch retinal vein occlusion. If acute disease is severe, the following can develop: Superficial flame-shaped hemorrhages. Small, white, superficial foci of retinal ischemia (cotton-wool spots)
Why is Fundoscopy done in hypertension?
In addition, hypertension may accelerate nonvascular eye disease, including age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. Fundoscopy should be part of the physical examination on every patient with newly diagnosed hypertension since the retina is the only part of the vasculature that can be visualized noninvasively.
Why does AV nicking occur?
More prolonged or severe hypertension leads to exudative vascular changes, a consequence of endothelial damage and necrosis. Other changes (eg, arteriole wall thickening, arteriovenous nicking) typically require years of elevated blood pressure to develop.
Where is silver wire used?
Metal Uses While copper is used in wires, connectors, printed circuits and other electrical parts across a number of industries, silver is generally used as a component in specialty electronics and sensitive systems, like industrial-grade switches and automobile contacts.
How does hypertension cause AV nicking?
In the vasoconstrictive phase, an acute rise in blood pressure causes the retinal vessels to increase their vascular tone, which manifests clinically as generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing.
What causes copper wiring eye?
Initially, the increased thickness of the vessel walls causes the reflex to be more diffuse and less bright. Progression of sclerosis and hyalinization causes the reflex to be more diffuse and the retinal arterioles to become red-brown. This is known as copper wiring.
Which is the best conductor gold or silver?
Wow, I’m surprised there are no other answers than “it makes no difference”. Silver is the best conductor of electricity. However, it can come across very bright sounding. It tends to push the upper mids and highs. Sometimes there is a lack of bass or a lean bass.
Why are high end audio connections gold or silver?
Gold-plating is the only certain cure. It costs money. A switch with gold-flashed contacts can cost five times as much as the silver version. [Source] [Bold emphasis mine]. Other metals like silver will do, but the contacts will require regular polishing to perform their best. Gold is more maintenance-free.
What’s the difference between gold and silver XLR cables?
However, the equipment I’m connecting to has gold pins on the outputs and inputs. Is it a better idea (in theory) to use XLR cables with gold pins to match the equipment? Well, silver is the best conductor of electricity; gold isn’t even as good a conductor as copper. Gold plated is a marketing gimmick.
What’s the difference between silver and copper plugs?
Whereas – Silver plating can be applied directly to copper, which is the best combination of base material + plating. Just as with copper, there are many purity levels of silver also, so just because a plug is silver plated does not mean it will perform to the same level as other silver plated plug.